330 



GEOGKAPHIOAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY IN 1875. 



Hon. W. H. Drumrnond : Large Game and Natu- 

 ral History of Southern and Southeastern Africa. 

 (New York, Worthington, 1875.) 



A work on Western Africa is looked for from Mr. 

 E. B. N. "Walker, who has returned to England after 

 a, residence of over twenty years in the Gaboon. 



Giles: Geographical Travels in Central Australia 

 in 1872-'74. 



Colonel Peter Egerton Warburton : Journey across 

 the Western Interior of Australia. (London, Samp- 

 son Low & Co., 1875.) 



Captain A. J. Lawson : Wanderings in New Guinea. 

 (London, Chapman & Hall, 1875.) 



Moresley : Discoveries in Eastern New Guinea. 



De Kicoi: Fiji, our new Province in the South 



F. Jagor: Travels in the Philippines. (London, 

 Chapman & Hall, 1875.) 



P. J. Veth: Java. (Haarlem, 1875.) 



The Arctic World. (London and Edinburgh, Nel- 

 son, 1875.) 



F. Whyrnper: Heroes of the Arctic. (London, 

 1875.) 



Eichards : On the Eoute toward the Pole. 



Bessels : Einige Worte liber Inuit (Eskimo). 



Tagebuch des Nordpolfahrers Otto Krisch. 



Von Drasche-Wartinberg : Eeise nach Spitsbergen. 



Eotomahana, and the Boiling Springs of New 

 Zealand. By Prof, von Hochstetter, of Vienna, with 

 Photographs by D. L. Mundy. (London, Low, 1875.) 



Cartology : The results of a German expedition in 

 the Greenland, Captain Dahlman, which sailed in 

 1873 to the Antarctic Seas, which was sent out under 

 the auspices of the German Society for Polar Navi- 

 gation, have furnished the data for a new chart of 

 the South-Polar regions, published in Stieler's 

 Hand-Atlas. 



A map of the northeastern frontier of Persia, em- 

 bracing also Khiva and the intervening deserts, has 

 been published, compiled from the surveys and ob- 

 servations of Colonel Valentine Baker and Lieuten- 

 ant W. J. Gill, together with recent Eussian sur- 

 veys, etc. 



Steinhauser's Wandkarte der Alpen is a valuable 

 addition to the many tine maps of Switzerland. 



Fleming, of Glogau, has published the first sheets 

 of a map of European Turkey, scale 1 : 600,000, by 

 F. Handke. 



PARIS GEOGKAPHIOAL CONGRESS. The Geo- 

 graphical Congress at Paris was the second 

 convention of this kind : the first International 

 Congress of Geographers met at Antwerp in 

 1871. The invitation was issued by Vice- Ad- 

 miral de la Ronciere de Noury, president of the 

 SociSte de la Geographic, MM. Delesse, Mau- 

 noir, and the Baron Reille, to the geographers 

 of all countries, in March ; and on August 1st 

 the Congress met in the hall which was once 

 the Salle des Etats. The meeting was opened 

 by M. van Steenhuyse, who was the presiding 

 officer at the Antwerp Congress. The presi- 

 dent-elect, Vice-Admiral de la Ronciere, then 

 took charge of the meeting. The presidents ot 

 the geographical societies of Berlin, London, 

 St. Petersburg, Geneva, Rome, Pesth, Am- 

 sterdam, and Cairo, were seated by the presi- 

 dent. The secretaries were MM. Maunoir and 

 Duveyrier. Among the other distinguished 

 geographers present were, General Baeyer, 

 Vambe>y, Yon Schlagintweit, Ravenstein, 

 Quatrefages, Vivien de St. -Martin, the honor- 

 ary president of the French Geographical So- 

 ciety, and the only surviving member of the 

 217 who instituted the society in 1821, D'Abadie, 



Duveyrier, De Saussure, General Crawford, 

 General Dobner von Dobbenau, Von Tschiha- 

 scheff, Andrew Johnson, Negri, Naehtigal, 

 Alfred Maury, Wagner, Behm, Scherzer, Kie- 

 pert, Sawerzow and Granddidier, Wappaus, 

 Griesebach, A. B. Meyer, etc. The Congress 

 was divided into seven groups, which debated 

 their appropriate questions separately. The 

 first group concerned itself with mathematical 

 geography, geodesy, and topography: it delib- 

 erated upon the substitution of the centesimal 

 instead of the sexagesimal division of the quad- 

 rant, or of the whole circle. The second group 

 had to deal with hydrography and maritime 

 geography : it voted in favor of the project of 

 M. Bougnet de la Grie to count the points of 

 the compass from left to right around the 

 whole circle, from to 360, in such manner 

 that, commencing from north, 90 should be 

 counted west, and from west, 90 to south, etc. 

 On the question of averting inundations, such 

 as lately desolated a portion of France, the 

 planting of the mountainous parts of the country 

 with woods was suggested, since it has been 

 observed that great and sudden floods occur 

 mostly in countries stripped of forest. The 

 third group had for its subject physical geog- 

 raphy, universal meteorology, geology, botani- 

 cal and zoological geography, and general an- 

 thropology. The fourth group discussed his- 

 torical geography, and the history of geography, 

 ethnography, and philology. The fifth was the 

 economical group, to which was assigned 

 economical and commercial geography, as well 

 as statistics: it took up the question of the 

 emigration and colonization of Europeans in 

 inter-tropical lands ; wherewith it was decided 

 that in the torrid zone Europeans can only 

 direct labor, while Hindoos, Chinese, and other 

 subtropical races, are admirably made for the 

 actual work : the question of an interoceanic 

 canal across the isthmus of Darien was dis- 

 cussed, and M. de Lesseps recounted the diffi- 

 culties which had to be contended with in the 

 construction of the Suez Canal, how the engi- 

 neers attempted to prevent the sanding of the 

 harbor of Port Said by extending the harbor- 

 piers, and mastered it at length by the aid of 

 dredging-engines ; he suggested that, as the 

 Suez Canal must bear vessels 732 feet in length, 

 it would be scarcely practicable to provide the 

 Darien Canal with locks. They gave some 

 attention also to a railroad, which has long 

 been projected, to connect Russia and East- 

 ern Asia, which should depart from Nishni- 

 Novgorod, and cross the Ural Mountains, an 

 ascent of 400 metres only being necessary, 

 thus traversing the broad steppes of South 

 Siberia, ascending in the mountainous region 

 of Amuz to the height of 1,150 metres, and 

 coming out at Peking, the whole length having 

 to be 7, 800 kilometres; this plan is entertained 

 by M. de Lesseps, and to it the Russian Colonel 

 Bartslovich devoted his whole life and fortune. 

 The same section discussed the construction of 

 artificial lakes in South Algiers, the practicabil- 





