GERMANY. 



347 



sent to declare war except in case it is merely 

 defensive. The members of the Bundestag are 

 appointed by the governments of the individu- 

 al states for each session. On January 1, 1876, 

 the German Bundesrath was composed of the 

 following members : 



Prussia. Prince Bismarck, President and 

 Imperial Chancellor; Delbriick, President of 

 the Imperial Chancery; the ministers Camp- 

 hausen, Leonhardt, Kameke, and Achenbach; 

 Stosch, Chief of the Admiralty ; Yon Philips- 

 born, Director in the Foreign Office ; Bitter ; 

 Dr. Friedberg, Under-Secretary of State in the 

 Ministry of Justice ; Postmaster-General Ste- 

 phan; Hasselbach, Director-General of Indi- 

 rect Taxes ; Meinecke, Ministerial Director in 

 the Imperial Ministry of Finance ; Nathusius, 

 Geh. O berregierungsrath ; and Maybach, Pres- 

 ident of the Imperial Railroad Office. 



Bavaria. The Ministers Adolf von Pfretz- 

 schner, Dr. von Faustle, and Georg Berr ; Frei- 

 herr von Perglas, embassador in Berlin ; Minis- 

 terial Councilor von Riedel ; and Colonel Fries. 



Saxony. The Ministers Richard von Friesen 

 and Chr. W. L. Abeken ; Oswald von Nostiz- 

 Waliwitz, embassador in Berlin; and Major 

 Planitz. 



Wurtertiberg. Minister von Mittnacht ; Hu- 

 go von Spitzenberg, embassador in Berlin; 

 Colonel von Faber du Faur ; and Councilor 

 von Winterlin. 



Baden. Dr. Julius Jolly, President of the 

 Ministry ; Rudolf von Freydorf, State Minis- 

 ter ; and Moritz Elstatter, President of the 

 Ministry of Finance. 



Hesse. Minister Karl Hoffmann, Council- 

 or Dr. Weidhardt, and Councilor Goring. 



Mecklenburg - Schwerin. Yon Prollius, 

 charge d'affaires in Berlin, and Director Ol- 

 denburg. 



Saxe - Weimar- Eisenach. Councilor Dr. 

 Stichling. 



Medderibiirg-Strelitz. Councilor von Prol- 

 lius. 



Oldenburg. Councilor Mutzenbecher. 



Brunswick. Councilor Schulz. 



Saxe-Meiningen. Minister Albrecht Otto 

 Giseke. 



Saxe-Altenburg. Minister von Gerstenberg- 

 Zech. 



Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Minister Freiherr von 

 Seebach. 



AnJialt. Minister Freiherr von Krosigk. 



Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Dr. Hermann von 

 Bertrab, State Minister. 



Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Councilor Ru- 

 dolf von Wolffersdorf. 



Waldeclc. Director von Sommerfeld. 



Reuss, older line. Councilor Ku'nze. 



Rems, younger line. Dr. Adolf von Har- 

 bon, State Minister. 



ScJiaumburg-Lippe. Councilor Hooker. 



Lippe-Detmold. Councilor Meyer. 



Lubeck. Dr. Kruger, minister resident. 



Bremen. Otto Gildemeister, burgomaster. 



Hamburg. Dr. Kirchenpauer, burgomaster. 



The following table gives the movement of 

 population in 1872 : 



A new census was taken in December, 1875. 

 From the preliminary reports on the result of 

 the census it appears that the German Empire 

 now numbers 32 cities above 50,000 inhabi- 

 tants, with a total population of about 4,400,- 

 000 inhabitants. Of the large cities, 13 num- 

 ber above 100,000 inhabitants : Berlin, with her 

 vicinity, 1,000,000; Hamburg- Altona, 350,000; 

 Breslau, 240,000; Dresden, 196,000; Munich, 

 190,000; Elberfeld-Barmen, 160,000; Cologne, 

 131,000; Hanover, 129,000; Leipsic, 126,000; 

 Magdeburg, 120,000 ; Konigsberg, 119,000 ; 

 Stuttgart 107,000; and Frankfort- on-the-Main, 

 103,000 : total, 3,000,000. The other 19 cities, 

 which have from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabi- 

 tants, are : Dantzic, Stettin, Bremen, Strasburg, 

 Nuremberg, Aix-la-Chapelle, Diisseldorf, Cre- 

 feld, Chemnitz, Halle, Cassel, Brunswick, Po- 

 sen, Muhlhausen, Mayence, Augsburg, Essen, 

 Dortmund: total, 1,400,000 inhabitants. The 

 aggregate population of the 32 cities with more 

 than 50,000 inhabitants amounts consequently 

 to more than the tenth part of the entire pop- 

 ulation of the empire. Sixty years ago Ger- 

 many had only one city with about 200,000 

 inhabitants (Berlin), one with 80,000, and two 

 with 50,000 (Breslau and Konigsberg) ; and the 

 capital of France with 1,000,000 had a popula- 

 tion exceeding the aggregate population of the 

 German cities with above 50,000 inhabitants. 

 Now the population of the latter almost 

 equals that of the French cities with more 

 than 50,000 inhabitants. According to the 

 census of 1872, France had 25 cities with more 

 than 50,000 inhabitants, and with a total pop- 

 ulation of 4,500,000 ; of these cities, 9 (Paris, 

 Lyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux, Lille, Toulouse, 

 Nantes, Rouen, and St.-Etienne) had more 

 than 100,000 each, and an aggregate of 3,500,- 

 000. In 1815 France had 30,000,000 inhabi- 

 tants, while Germany, exclusive of Austria, num- 

 bered 22,000,000. Thus the population of Ger- 

 many during this period almost doubled, while 

 that* of France increased only by 20 per cent. 

 The following table gives a nearly complete list 

 of all the German cities which, according to the 

 preliminary census-reports, had a population ex- 

 ceeding 20,000. A comparison of their popula- 

 tion in 1875 with that in 1871 will show the re- 

 markable fact that each city shows an increase. 



