GERMANY. 



351 



space to hold provisions for about 40,000 men 

 for several years ; the forts are connected by 

 railways and lines of telegraph. The fortifica- 

 tions of Strasburg are not in so advanced a 

 state as those of Metz. The works on the left 

 bank of the Rhine are all ready for defensive 

 purposes, but those on the right bank will not 

 be completed till 1877. These great fortresses, 

 combined with Mayence, Coblentz, Germers- 

 heim, and Rastadt on the east, and Dieden- 

 hofen, Breisach, and Saarlouis on the west and 

 south, would in themselves form one of the 

 strongest lines of defense in Europe ; but it is 

 also intended to enlarge the fortifications of 

 Cologne, so as to oppose a hostile attack from 

 the north or northwest. Energetic steps are 

 being taken to connect all the Rhine fortresses 

 with railways; several important strategic 

 lines, such as that from Bruchsal to Germers- 

 heim, have already been opened for traffic, and 

 others are being constructed. These fortresses 

 will then be brought so near to each other that 

 it will be possible to concentrate all the forces 

 at their disposal at any point inclosed by them 

 within twenty-four hours. 



The military forces of the empire in time of 

 peace are as follows : 



GARRISONS. 



Very extensive works are in progress in 

 Kiel dockyard, four large dry docks and two 

 basins being under construction. All the docks 

 are of brickwork, and range from 350 feet in 

 length and 76 feet in width to 420 feet and 82 

 feet. They will have from 26 feet to 32 feet 

 depth of water; and the harbor not being 

 subject to tides, the water does not vary more 

 than twelve inches in level. The basins are 

 each about 900 feet square. The works are ex- 

 pected to last for some years. The brickwork 

 to two docks has been started. The entrance 

 to the harbor is commanded by strong forts, 

 with a few of Krupp's steel guns. 



On the 1st of May, 1875, the new law regu- 

 lating the protection of trade-marks through- 

 out the German Empire came into force. Par- 

 agraph twenty of this law says that all foreign- 

 ers belonging to nations which have a reci- 

 procity treaty with the German Empire can get 

 protection for the whole of Germany for their 

 trade-marks, names, firm-names, etc., by ap- 

 plying to the Commercial Court at the city of 

 Leipsic. 



The movement of shipping in the German 

 ports was, in 1874, as follows : 



The commercial navy of Germany, embra- 

 cing vessels, tonnage, and horse-power, was, 

 on January 1, 1874, composed as follows : 



The total length of railroads of Germany 

 (and Luxemburg) open for traffic, including the 

 State roads and the private roads under State 

 administration, and other private roads, was 

 as follows on January 1, 1875 : 



