388 HOSEMANN, THEODOR. 



HUNGARY. 



reflected six times, but declined last fall a sev- 

 enth renomination. His knowledge of finan- 

 cial questions caused several Congresses to ap- 

 point him a member of the Committee of 

 Ways and Means. He also served on the Com- 

 mittees on Banking and Currency, and on the 

 War Debts of the States. In 1869 Chief- Jus- 

 tice Chase wrote a letter attributing the suc- 

 cess of the bill providing for the national 

 banking system to the sound judgment, perse- 

 vering exertions, and disinterested patriotism 

 of Mr. Hooper. The Chief-Justice also men- 

 tioned Mr. Hooper's aid in negotiating the loan 

 of April, 1861, and added that "his public ser- 

 vices placed him under obligations which he 

 could never forget and should always be glad 

 to acknowledge." 



HOSEMANN, THEODOE, a German painter, 

 born September 24, 1807, in Brandenburg; 

 died October 17, 1875. At the age of twelve 

 he visited the Academy in Diisseldorf, and 

 worked, at the same time, in the art establish- 

 ment of Arnz & Co. Soon after he enjoyed 

 the instruction of Cornelius, and afterward 

 that of Schadow. He went to Berlin with 

 Winckelmann, Arnz's partner, and furnished 

 the illustrations to the large number of juvenile 

 books published by him. His oil-paintings and 

 sketches were generally sought for. In 1857 

 he was made professor, and in 1860 was elected 

 member of the Academy of Arts. 



HOVERBECK, LEOPOLD, Freiherr von, a 

 German politician and one of the most promi- 

 nent leaders of the Party of Progress (Fort- 

 schrittspartei), was born July 25, 1822, and 

 died August 12, 1875. He studied law in 

 Konigsberg and Berlin, but, having passed his 

 first examination, he turned his attention to 

 agriculture. He began his political career in 

 1858, when he was elected to the Prussian 

 House of Deputies, in which he remained until 

 1870. In 1862 he was elected " Landschafts- 

 director " for East Prussia. From 1867 to 1870 

 he was a member of the North-German Par- 

 liament, and from 1870 up to the time of his 

 death of the German Reichstag. His prin- 

 cipal political aim was to build up a free state 

 on the foundation of equal rights and equal 

 duties for all. He was less distinguished for 

 great learning, and an exhaustive treatment 

 of great political questions, than for a rapid 

 comprehension of details and a quick percep- 

 tion of the weak points of his opponents. For 

 this reason he was one of the strongest men 

 of the Party of Progress. But at the same 

 time he would hold to what he had conceived 

 to be right, and for this reason his death was 

 mourned by his opponents as well as by his 

 friends. 



HUNGARY, a kingdom of Europe, and one 

 of the two main divisions of the Austro-Hun- 

 garian monarchy. (All the affairs which are 

 common to the entire monarchy have been 

 treated of under the head of ATJSTEIA.) As 

 the Military Frontier, which had formerly its 

 own administration, has been wholly incorpo- 



rated partly with Hungary proper and partly 

 with Croatia and Slavonia, the lands of the 

 Hungarian crown now consist of three large 

 historic divisions, namely : 



The Hungarian ministry, as reconstructed 

 on October 20, 1875, was composed as follows : 



1. President of the Ministry, Koloman Tisza ; 



2. Minister near the King's person (ad latus), 

 Baron Wenckheirn ; 3. Minister of Finance, 

 Koloman Szell ; 4. Minister of the Interior, 

 Koloman Tisza ; 5. Minister of. Education and 

 Public Worship, Dr. Augustin Trefort ; 6. Min- 

 ister of Justice, Bela Perczel ; 7. Minister of 

 Public Works, Thomas Pechy ; 8. Minister of 

 Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Baron 

 Simonyi ; 9. Minister of -.Croatia and Slavonia, 

 Count Pejacsevitch ; 10. Minister for the De- 

 fense of the Country, B. Szende von Kevesztes. 



In the budget for 1875 the revenue was esti- 

 mated at 212,138,000 florins (1 florin = $0.48), 

 the expenditures at 233,804,000 ; the deficit at 

 21,665,000. The special budget for Croatia 

 and Slavonia estimates the expenditures for 

 the same year at 3,107,000 florins ; the revenue 

 at 3,159,000 florins. Besides its share in the 

 common debt of the monarchy, Hungary has 

 a special debt, amounting, at the end of 1870, 

 to near 700,000,000 florins (including a debt 

 of 269,000,000 florins for redeeming real estate 

 and commuting the wine-tithes). The assets 

 of the state were estimated at 696,600,000 

 florins. 



The aggregate length of railways open for 

 traffic was, on January 1, 1875, 6,415 kilome- 

 tres (1 kilometre = 0.62 mile). The number 

 of private and official letters, newspapers, 

 etc., was 68,673,000. The length of telegraph- 

 wires, in January, 1874, was 46,780; of tele- 

 graph-lines, 13,725 kilometres. The number 

 of telegraph- stations was 837. 



When the Hungarian Diet reassembled, in 

 January, 1875, its attention was wholly ab- 

 sorbed by the serious financial crisis of the 

 country. With the exception of that small 

 fraction in the House which looked to the 

 compromise with Austria as the source of the 

 financial difficulties of the country, the convic- 

 tion was general that the equilibrium between 

 revenue and expenditure could only be estab- 

 lished by reductions in the expenditure and by 

 an increase of taxation. It was the mode of 

 procedure which formed the chief ground of 

 difference. While the Government laid the 

 chief stress on providing at once by taxation 

 the amount necessary to tide over the period 

 required to make the reductions in the ex- 

 penditure, its opponents thought it possible to 

 tide over this period by means of what re- 

 mained of the last loan, without having at once 



