528 



MUNZINGER, WERNER. 



NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the 

 Realschule of Giessen in 1839, and in 1844 be- 

 came Professor of Natural Philosophy at the 

 University of Freiburg. His principal work 

 is "Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie " 

 (2 vols., 1842; seventh edition, 1868-'69) ; the 

 third volume of this work was published sepa- 

 rately under the title of "Lehrbuch der kos- 

 mischen Physik " (fourth edition, 1875). Of 

 his other works, the best known are : " Grund- 

 zuge der Krystallographie " (second edition, 

 1868) ; " Anfangsgriinde der geometrischen 

 Disciplin fur Gynmasien," etc. (thirteenth edi- 

 tion, 1869) ; " Grundriss der Physik und Me- 

 teorologie fur Lyceen und Gynmasien," etc. 

 (twelfth edition, 1875); and "Die Schule der 

 Physik "(1874). 



MUNZINGER, WEENEE, a celebrated Afri- 

 can explorer, born at Olten, Switzerland, in 

 1832; died in November, 1875. He studied 

 Oriental languages at Munich and Paris, went 

 to Cairo in 1852, entered a business in Alexan- 

 dria in 1853, was chief of a commercial expe- 

 dition to the Red Sea in 1854, lived for some 

 time in Massowah and then in Keren, the prin- 

 cipal town of the Bogos, and joined the Ger- 

 man Expedition to Central Africa in 1861 ; but 

 when Heuglin, the leader, went to Abyssinia, 

 he left the expedition and went to Obi by way 

 of Khartoom in order to reach Wadai through 

 Darfoor. As he was refused permission to 

 travel through Darfoor, he returned to Eu- 

 rope. In 1864 he again went to Africa, had 

 charge of the British consulate at Massowah 

 in October, 1865, and took an active part in 

 preparing the way for the British army in the 

 Abyssinian War of 1867. In June, 1868, he 

 became French consul in Massowah, went to 

 Aden in 1870, and with Captain Miles explored 

 the countries on the southeastern coast of Ara- 

 bia. Returning to Massowah, he was appoint- 

 ed governor of that town, with the title of bey, 

 by the Viceroy of Egypt, and continued his ex- 

 plorations in the Bogos country. In 1872 he 

 was appointed to the chief command of the 

 army against the Abyssinians. From that 

 time he was continually engaged in subduing 

 the border tribes of Abyssinia, in which un- 

 dertakings he was eminently successful. In 

 October, 1875, he again started on an expedi- 

 tion against the Gallas of Shoa. On this ex- 

 pedition he was accompanied by his wife, a 



native Abyssinian. One night, in November, 

 they were attacked by a party .of Gallas near 

 Lake Assal, and Munzinger, his wife, and a 

 large number of his soldiers, were murdered. 

 Of the three thousand men of which the ex- 

 pedition originally consisted, only one hundred 

 and twenty returned. He wrote, besides a 

 number of articles for geographical journals, 

 the following works : " Ueber die Sitten und 

 das Recht der Bogos " (1859) ; " Ostafrika- 

 nische Studien" (1864); "Die Deutsche Ex- 

 pedition in Ostafrika" (1865) ; " Vocabulaire 

 de la Langue Tigre " (1865) ; " Routes in Abys- 

 sinia, presented to the House of Lords " (1867). 

 He left the manuscript of "Skizze einer Geo- 

 graphie des Sudan," extracts from which are 

 given by Behm and Wagner, in their periodi- 

 cal, "Die Bevolkerung der Erde" (vol. iii.). 



MUSTAPHA FAZYL PASHA, a Turkish 

 statesman, born in 1830; died December 2, 

 1875. He was the son of Ibrahim Pasha of 

 Egypt, and only forty days younger than his 

 brother Ismail Pasha, the present Viceroy of 

 Egypt. According to the law of succession 

 of the Osman dynasty, which had also been 

 in force in Egypt since 1841, Mustapha Pasha 

 was the. heir-presumptive to the vice-regal 

 throne. But in 1865 Ismail Pasha obtained a 

 firman from the Sultan altering the law of 

 succession of Egypt and making it similar to 

 that of European countries. The brothers had 

 always been opposed to each other, and this 

 action completed the rupture. Mustapha had 

 early gone to Turkey, where, in 1861, he was 

 for a short time Minister of Finance. Short 

 as his administration was, it was nevertheless 

 one of the best that Turkey had enjoyed for 

 many years. He introduced economy and or- 

 der into the department, and did not burden 

 the country with any new debts. When the 

 firman appeared, excluding him from the suc- 

 cession to the Egyptian throne, he entered a 

 protest, and in consequence was banished. In 

 Paris, where he took up his residence, he was 

 met by the Sultan in 1867, who invited him 

 to return. After his return he was for a time 

 Minister of Justice, and then of Finance, and 

 upon the death of Mahmoud Pasha he was 

 appointed Grand- Vizier, which position, how- 

 ever, he held for a short time only. In 1873 

 he tried to effect a reconciliation with his 

 brother, but was unsuccessful. 



NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. The 

 Navy is now reported to be in a stronger and 

 more efficient condition than it has been at any 

 other time during the present Administration. 



The number of vessels of every class and 

 description now on the Navy Register is 147 ; 

 these carry 1,195 guns and are of 152,492 tons 

 measurement. Of these 26, carrying nominally 

 266 guns, are sailing-vessels without steam- 



power, of which 4 are in use as training and 

 practice ships, 2 are assigned to States as 

 school-ships, 3 are in use as hospital-ships, or 

 as quarters, 6 as coal, store, and supply ships 

 at the various stations and for the several 

 squadrons, 6 are in commission as receiving- 

 ships, 2 are laid up as useless for any present 

 purpose, and 1 is on the stocks at Sackett's 

 Harbor. 



