688 



KIPLEY, HENRY J. 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



of Artillery, and the Bristol Artillery, refused 

 to organize under the new law, claiming the 

 privileges of their special charters. Several 

 other companies were disbanded. The force, as 

 organized under the law, consists of 1,V15 men. 



Considerable progress has been made by the 

 Commissioners of Fisheries in stocking the 

 streams and ponds of the State with salmon, 

 trout, shad, and black bass. 



RIPLEY, HENEY JONES, D. D., an American 

 clergyman, scholar, and Professor of Theology, 

 was born in Boston, Mass., January 28, 1798, 

 and died May 21, 1875. He received his earlier 

 training in the grammar-school and a Latin 

 school in Boston, receiving a Franklin medal at 

 each. He entered Harvard College at fourteen, 

 and was graduated with the class of 1816. He 

 studied theology at Andover, and, completing 

 his Course there in 1819, he was ordained in 

 Boston the same year. For six years he served 

 as pastor of the Baptist Church in North New- 

 port, Liberty County, Ga. In September, 

 1826, he was appointed Professor of Biblical 

 Literature and Pastoral Duties in the Theologi- 

 cal Institution at Newton, Mass. He after- 

 ward served as Professor of Sacred Rhetoric 

 and Pastoral Duties, in place of Prof. Knowles, 

 who died in 1839. He resigned his connection 

 with the institution in 1860, after serving as 

 professor thirty-four years. In 1844 the Uni- 

 versity of Alabama, and in 1845 Harvard Uni- 

 versity, conferred on him the degree of D. D. 

 His principal works are " Christian Baptism " 

 (1833) ; " Notes on the Four Gospels" (2 vols., 

 1837-'38) ; " Notes on the Acts of the Apos- 

 tles" (1844); "Sacred Rhetoric" (1849); 

 " Notes on the Epistle to the Romans " (1857) ; 

 " Church Polity " (1867) ; and " Notes on the 

 Epistle to the Hebrews " (1868). 



RODBERTUS, JOHANN KAEL, a German 

 statesman, born August 12, 1805; died Decem- 

 ber 8, 1875. In 1848 he was elected a mem- 

 ber of the Prussian Assembly, and was here 

 the founder and the leader of the Left Centre, 

 and on June 25th of the same year was ap- 

 pointed Minister of Public Worship, from which 

 position, however, he soon retired. In 1849 he 

 was elected to the Second Chamber. During 

 the stormy scenes that preceded the war of 

 1866, he sided with Bismarck, and when the 

 war had begun he left his party, declaring that 

 further opposition would be treason. Among 

 his works are : u Zur Erkenntniss unserer staats- 

 wirthschaftlichen Zustande" (1842); "Die 

 preussische Geldkrisis " (1845); "Sociale 

 Briefe" (3 vols., 1850-'51); "Die Handelskri- 

 sen und die Hypothekennoth der Grundbesi- 

 tzer " (1858) ; " Zur Erklarung und Abhilfe der 

 hetftigen Creditnoth des Grundbesitzes " (2 

 vols., 1865); and "Der Normalarbeitstag " 

 (1871.) 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The gen- 

 eral position of the Roman Catholic Church 

 during the year 1875, both as regards the con- 

 dition of the Pope and the attitude of various 

 governments toward it, remained unchanged. 



No important act or document relating to the 

 Church at large can be recorded. The Pope 

 made two promotions of cardinals ; on the 15th 

 of March, when Archbishop Gianelli, of Sardis, 

 Archbishop Ledochowski, of Gnesen and Po- 

 sen, then in prison, Archbishop McCloskey, of 

 New York, the first American ever promoted, 

 Henry Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, 

 Victor Deschamps, Archbishop of Mechlin, 

 were made cardinal-priests, and Dominic Bar- 

 tolini cardinal deacon ; and on the 17th of 

 September, when Cardinal Martinelli, already 

 in the Sacred College, in the order of deacon, 

 was raised to that of priest ; and Mgr. Roger 

 L. Antici Mattei, Patriarch of Constantinople, 

 John Simeoni, Archbishop of Chalcedon, Sal- 

 vator Vitelleschi, Archbishop of Selucia, who 

 died before the close of the year, Godfrey B. 

 St. Marc, Archbishop of Rennes, became car- 

 dinal-priests ; and Mgrs. Lawrence, Randi, and 

 Bartolomeo Pacca, became cardinal -deacons. 

 Briefs and allocutions bore on the subject of 

 secret societies, Christian education, the influ- 

 ence of exclusively pagan authors in classical 

 studies, and similar topics. A brief of April 

 22d encouraged all to unite in a general dedi- 

 cation of the whole Church to the Sacred 

 Heart of Jesus, on the 16th of June. 



The schismatic church of Utrecht, in Hol- 

 land, having notified Pope Pius IX. of the elec- 

 tion of a new archbishop, the Pope, in a brief 

 to the Catholic archbishop, annulled the elec- 

 tion, and on May 13th, by a brief formally an- 

 nulled it, and subsequently excommunicated 

 Heykamp, the new archbishop, who was con- 

 secrated in defiance of the Pope. 



In the kingdom of Prussia and the German 

 Empire the Government maintained its policy ; 

 on January 13th declaring Bishop Martin, of 

 Paderborn, deposed from the episcopacy in the 

 Catholic Church, and in October pursuing the 

 same course in regard to Dr. Forester, Prince- 

 Bishop of Breslau, who had retired to the Aus- 

 trian portion of his diocese. The Archbishop 

 of Cologne and the Bishop of Treves were 

 imprisoned in March. The coadjutor of Po- 

 sen was arrested in October for administering 

 extreme unction; priests were arrested on 

 various charges, and the exile of members of 

 religious orders was carried to such an extent 

 that in June alone 174 exiled priests and reli- 

 gious landed in the United States, twenty more 

 arrived in August, and five Franciscan nuns, 

 on their way to America, perished in the wreck 

 of the Deutschland, in December. The mass 

 of the German Catholics were thus entirely de- 

 prived of the ministrations of their clergy, ' 

 schools, asylums,. hospitals, etc. In the diocese 

 of Gnesen and Posen, the archbishop, two 

 bishops, and 98 priests, were under arrest, and 

 more than 50,000 Catholics without pastors. 

 A similar condition prevailed in other parts of 

 Prussia, every bishop and 1,400 priests having 

 been imprisoned or fined. This led to the fol- 

 lowing encyclical from the Pope, addressed to 

 the archbishops and bishops of Prussia : 



