ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



ROOSEVELT, JAMES J. 693 



Florence, in the same month. The year of 

 the Jubilee led to increased devotion, mani- 

 fested in pilgrimages, processions, and the fre- 

 quentation of churches ; but this excited hos- 

 tility in some parts, notably in Belgium, where 

 Liberal mobs attacked the Corpus Christi pro- 

 cessions in Brussels, Ghent, and Antwerp. 



In America, the stringent school law in the 

 province of New Brnnswick continued to ex- 

 cite strong feeling among Catholics, at whom 

 it was aimed, and in January trouble took 

 place at Caraquet, in which blood was shed ; 

 a Catholic religious procession was attacked 

 while going from one church to another in 

 Toronto, in September. The famous G-uibord 

 case, in which the Institut Ganadien, after be- 

 ing defeated in the Dominion courts, appealed 

 to the Privy Council in England, was decided 

 by that tribunal, which declared that a Catho- 

 lic bishop can excommunicate only individuals, 

 and not a class of persons holding heterodox 

 views. The fdbr ique of Montreal was ordered 

 to allow the burial, which took place Novem- 

 ber 16th. An excitement was caused by an 

 ejectment suit brought by the Sulpicians of 

 Montreal to remove a Protestant chapel erect- 

 ed without authority on their grounds at Oka, 

 near the Lake of the Two Mountains. 



In the United States hostility to the Catholic 

 Church was shown in New Jersey, which re- 

 fused to permit Catholic inmates of penal and 

 eleemosynary institutions to attend the wor- 

 ship of their own church ; and in Ohio, where 

 a law granting the liberty was repealed, al- 

 though New York and Massachusetts grant- 

 ed it. An act called the " Gray Nuns Act," 

 passed May 15, 1875, in New York, though vir- 

 tually repealed June 9, 1875, excited sectarian 

 action, and was formally repealed. Constitu-, 

 tional amendments in New Jersey provided for 

 taxing church property and for preventing any 

 denomination from obtaining any portion of 

 the school-funds. The President, in a speech 

 at Des Moines, September 30th, foreshadowed 

 the anti-Catholic agitation as part of the next 

 presidential campaign, and in his message more 

 definitely brought it forward, by recommend- 

 ing a constitutional amendment vesting the 

 direction of the public schools in the Federal 

 Government, and prohibiting all religious or 

 irreligious instruction, and also recommending 

 the taxation of church property. The removal 

 of Chief- Justice Duane, of Arizona, for deliver- 

 ing a lecture espousing the Catholic view of the 

 question, took place soon after, December llth. 



Complaints were made by the Osage and 

 Pueblo Catholic Indians, of interference with 

 their religious rights, and a " Ladies' Catholic 

 Indian Mission Association," the first of the 

 kind in the United States, was formed at 

 Washington, D. 0., October 28th. 



Mexico pursued a course of hostility, ex- 

 pelling even the Sisters of Charity, many of 

 whom arrived early in the year in California 

 and Texas. On the 19th of March, the arch- 

 bishops of the republic issued a pastoral, pro- 



testing against the laws of December 10th- 

 14th, 1874. The affixing of placards at Aca- 

 pulco reflecting on the Catholic religion led to 

 scenes of violence among the populace and an 

 attack on a Protestant church. The trial of 

 the murderers of the Rev. Mr. Stephens, killed 

 in 1874, resulted in the punishment of several 

 of the guilty, but neither in that case nor at 

 Acapulco was any complicity or instigation 

 proved against the Catholic clergy, as appears 

 by the correspondence of the Mexican Gov- 

 ernment and the American minister. 



In Brazil, the administrator of Olinda was 

 arrested in May, and Canon Andrade, his suc- 

 cessor protested against the Government action 

 as illegal. The agitation throughout the coun- 

 try led to the overthrow of the ministry and 

 the formation of a new ministry under Caixias. 

 The result was, the release of the two impris- 

 oned bishops on September 20th. The Bishop 

 of Olinda proceeded to Rome, and a special 

 envoy was sent to the Pope, leading to an ar- 

 rangement by which the interdict on the chap- 

 els was removed. 



In Buenos Ayres the recall of the Jesuits by 

 the bishop, who confided to them the direction 

 of a college, led to a Liberal outbreak. The 

 college was attacked and in part demolished, 

 and several of the Jesuits killed or wounded. 



Persia, in May, granted religious freedom to 

 Catholics, and in China reparation was made 

 for violence done to Catholic missions. 



Among the losses of the Catholic churches 

 was Dom Gueranger, Abbot of Solesmes, the 

 reviver of the Benedictines in France, author 

 of "The Liturgical Year," "Origins of the 

 Roman Church," " The Pontifical Monarchy," 

 etc., who died at his Abbey of Solesmes, Janu- 

 ary 30, 1875. The Pope, to honor so illustri- 

 ous a man, conferred special privileges on the 

 abbots of that house. 



On the 18th of April, Brother Olympe, Su- 

 perior of the Christian Brothers, died. 



Five cardinals died during the year : Cardi- 

 nal Barili, March 8th ; Cardinal Mathieu, July 

 5th ; Cardinal Grasselini, September ; Cardinal 

 di Silvestri, November 24th ; Cardinal Rau- 

 scher, November 26th. 



ROOSEVELT, Judge JAMES I., was born in 

 New York City December 14, 1795, and died 

 at his residence in that city April 5, 1875. 

 He was a distinguished member of one of 

 the oldest families in the city. In 1812 he 

 entered the Freshman Class of Columbia Col- 

 lege. He was graduated in 1815, and entered 

 the office of Peter Jay, with whom he studied 

 law. He was admitted to the bar in 1818, and 

 became Mr. Jay's partner. The same year Mr. 

 Jay was elected to the Legislature, and all the 

 business of the firm devolved upon the junior 

 partner. Mr. Roosevelt followed his profes- 

 sion until 1830. During his professional career 

 he applied himself more particularly to ques- 

 tions relating to chancery practice. He early 

 identified himself with the Democratic party, 

 and was for a time the treasurer of the Tarn- 



