700 



RYAN, EDWARD. 



SAMOAN OB NAVIGATOR'S ISLANDS. 



to the presidents of two of the most important 

 companies, who, however, declined to be rep- 

 resented. It was finally determined by the 

 Government to authorize Mr. E. Schuyler, the 

 American charge d'affaires in St. Petersburg, 

 to attend the Congress. Besides all of the 

 European states, Persia, Japan, Egypt, and the 

 United States, were represented by delegates, 

 while representatives were also present of the 

 Anglo-American Telegraph Co., the Brazilian 

 Submarine Co., the Black Sea Co., the Eastern 

 Extension Co., the Great Northern Telegraph 

 Co., and the Vereinigte Deutsche Telegraphen- 

 Gesellschaft. The chief improvements which 

 the Congress resolved to introduce are a pro- 

 vision against an abuse which had arisen in 

 some languages by limiting the length of the 

 single word ; the introduction of urgent and 



registered dispatches; the experimental in- 

 troduction of telegraphic notices ; the tariff by 

 single word for the extra European service, and 

 the adoption of two uniform rates, according 

 to route, for the correspondence of Europe 

 with India.. 



RYAN, Right Hon. Sir EDWAED, a British 

 lawyer, born in 1793 ; died August 22, 1875. 

 He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, 

 and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 

 1817. He was successively a Puisne Judge 

 and Chief-Justice at Calcutta, became a Privy 

 Councilor in 1843, a Commissioner of Rail- 

 ways in 1846, and was a Civil Service Com- 

 missioner, a member of the Senate of the Uni- 

 versity of London, and of the Council of Uni- 

 versity College. He was a Eellow of the 

 Royal Society. 



S 



SACK, KAEL HEINEICH, a German theolo- 

 gian, born October 17, 1790; died October 16, 

 1875. He first studied law and then theology 

 at the University of Gottingen, and afterward 

 in Berlin. He took part in the campaigns of 

 1813 and 1815. As early as 1812 he wrote 

 "Reden an deutsche Jiinglinge uber Werth 

 und Reiz der Theologie und des geistlichen 

 Standes." In 1816 he undertook with his 

 elder brother a trip through Holland, England, 

 Switzerland, and Germany, and as a result of 

 it published "Ansichten und Beobachtungen 

 liber Religion und Kirche in England" (1818). 

 In 1818 he was appointed extraordinary and in 

 1823 ordinary Professor of Theology in Bonn. In 

 1843 he undertook a trip to Scotland, and upon 

 his return published " Die Kirche von Schott- 

 land." In 1846 he represented the Evangelical 

 Theological Faculty of Bonn at the General 

 Synod in Berlin, and in 1847 was created a 

 Consistorialrath in Magdeburg. He published, 

 besides the above-mentioned works : "Christ- 

 liche Apologetik" (1829, second edition, 1841); 

 "Christliche Polemik " (1838); Katechisraus 

 der christlichen Lehre fur die Jugend evang. 

 Gemeinden" (1819, second edition, 1834) ; and 

 " Geschichte der Predigt in der deutschen 

 evangelishen Kirche von Mosheim bis auf die 

 letzten Jahre von Schleiermacher und Menken " 

 (1866, second edition, 1875). 



SAINT-GEORGES, JULES HENRI VEBXOY 

 DE, a French dramatic author, born in 1801 ; 

 died December 23, 1875. He wrote partly 

 alone, and partly together with Scribe and 

 others, the words of a large number of operas, 

 which with music by Auber and Halevy have 

 been produced at almost all the prominent 

 theatres of Europe. Among his best known 

 operas are : " Les Mousquetaires de la Reine ; " 

 "LeVal d'Andorre;" and "L'Ambassadrice." 

 He was also the author of several novels. 



SAMOAN or NAVIGATOR'S ISLANDS, a 

 group of islands in the South Pacific, between 



latitudes 13 30' and 14 30 / south, and longi- 

 tudes 168 and 173 west. There are four prin- 

 cipal islands, viz. : Manua, Tutuila, Upolu, and 

 Savaii ; and five smaller : Orosenga, Ofoo, Ma- 

 nono, and Apolima, besides some islets. The 

 area of these eight islands was, according to 

 Wilkes's survey, 1,650 square miles; according 

 to a planimetric calculation made in the Geo- 

 graphical Institution of Perthes, it was 1,162.53 

 square miles; and according to another esti- 

 mate (Dr. Graffe, " Topographie der Schiffer- 

 inseln,' 1 in the Journal des Museums Geoffroy, 

 No. 1, Hamburg, 1873), only 1,086.9 square 

 miles. The population is estimated at about 

 33,000. Dr. Graffe gives for the several islands 

 the following area and population : 



According to a census which was taken 

 in 1869, the religious denominations were di- 

 vided as follows : Adherents of London Mis- 

 sionary Society, Independents and Presby- 

 terians, 27,021; Wesleyan Church, 5,082; Ro- 

 man Catholic, 3,004: total, 35,107. The trade 

 of Samoa is virtually controlled by a few Ger- 

 man houses. The exports are cotton and 

 copra; the former insignificant at present, but 

 the copra-trade is considerable and growing 

 into larger proportions. Copra is the dried 

 meat or fruit of the ripe cocoanut, which is 

 gathered and prepared by the natives. It is 

 shipped to Europe, where it meets a ready sale. 

 The oil enters largely into the manufacture of 

 the best candles. The copra in European 

 marts is quoted at about $95 per ton. There 

 being no regular opposition, it is purchased 



