TRUMPET, FOG. 



TURKEY. 



731 



taining to the history of literature, and pub- 

 lished " Handbook of Hungarian Literature " 

 (2 vols., 1828), "Collection of Hungarian Poets " 

 (1828), and "Relics of Hungarian Poets " (1828). 

 In 1830 he founded with Bugat the Orvosi 

 Tdr, the first Hungarian medical journal, which 

 he edited up to 1833. In the same year he 

 was elected a member of the Hungarian Acad- 

 emy, of which he was secretary from 1835 to 

 1861. In 1833 he was appointed Professor of 

 Dialetics in Pesth, in 1841 Director of the In- 

 stitute of Fine Arts of the Kisfaludy Society, 

 and in 1844 Director of the University Library 

 of Pesth. It was owing chiefly to his exertions 

 that the university was not suppressed and 

 its rich treasures were not confiscated during 

 the Revolution of 1849. In 1850 he was ap- 

 pointed Professor of ^Esthetics, in 1861 of Hun- 

 garian Language and Literature, in 1863 Royal 

 Councilor, and in 1863 Philosophical Dean of 

 the University. In 1871 he celebrated his fif- 



tieth aniversary as an author. He published be- 

 sides the works mentioned above: "^Esthetic 

 Letters" (1827), "Kisfaludy's Life" (1832), 

 "History of the National Literature of Hun- 

 gary " (2 vols., 1851), " History of the Recent 

 Hungarian Literature " (1853), "Handbook of 

 Hungarian Language and Literature " (2 vols., 

 1855), " On the History of the Earlier Hun- 

 garian Literature " (1869), "Hungarian States- 

 men and Authors " (2 vols., 1868), " The Lives 

 of Hungarian Poets " (1870), and many others. 

 TRUMPET, FOG. An instrument of un- 

 doubted value for the prevention of marine 

 disasters is the Austrian fog-trumpet, or Nebel- 

 hcrn, invented by Giovanni Am and, of the 

 Technical Institute of Trieste, which was first 

 exhibited at the Yienna Exposition. It is 

 capable of conveying a signal to a greater dis- 

 tance than any of the fog-guns or other instru- 

 ments hitherto used for this purpose, having been 

 clearly heard as far as sixteen nautical miles. It 



AUSTRIAN FOG-TRUMPET. 



consists of metallic reeds, vibrated formerly by 

 means of compressed air, but worked by steam 

 in the more recently-made instruments, con- 

 nected with a long straight trumpet or aug- 

 menter, mounted on a pivot, so that the sound 

 may be directed toward any particular point. 

 Through the instrumentality of a finger-board, 

 notes of different lengths and easily distinguish- 

 able can be produced; various preconcerted 

 signals can be transmitted in night, fog, or 

 storm; and even verbal messages may be con- 

 veyed, according to an alphabetical formula, 

 after the method of the Morse telegraphy. 

 Such messages sent by one of these trumpets 

 in use in the harbor of Trieste, which stood 

 thirty feet above the water, were easily made 

 out at a distance of six nautical miles. The 

 instrument may be erected directly above the 

 boiler, or removed some distance and connected 

 by a pipe. Our drawing represents an instru- 



ment blown by an eight-horse-power boiler 

 under a pressure of twenty-five pounds to the 

 square inch, capable of sounding thirty blasts 

 in thirty seconds, audible at a distance of fif- 

 teen nautical miles ; the automatic distributing 

 valve is operated by a small apparatus con- 

 nected with the boiler. When several of these 

 horns are employed on the same coast, they 

 may be distinguished from each other by dif- 

 ferent combinations of the long and short notes. 

 The trumpet could be employed on steamers, as 

 well as in lighthouses and coast-stations, and 

 by its aid collisions be averted, and in cases 

 of distress signals telegraphed a considerable 

 distance in the dark or in dusky weather. 



TURKEY, an empire in Eastern Europe, 

 Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Reign- 

 ing sovereign, Sultan Abdul- Aziz, born Feb- 

 ruary 9, 1830 ; succeeded to the throne at the 

 death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Med- 



