732 



TURKEY. 



jid, June 25, 1861. Sons of the Sultan: 1. 

 Yussuf Izzedin Effendi, born October 9, 1857 ; 

 2. Mahmnd Djemol Eddin Effendi, born No- 

 vember 20, 1862 ; 3. Mehemed Selim Effendi, 

 born October 8, 1866; 4. Abdul-Medjid, born 

 June 27, 1868. The heir-presumptive to the 

 throne is Mehemed Murad Effendi, the nephew 

 of the present Sultan. 



The area and population were as follows, ac- 

 cording to the latest estimates : 



The area and population of Turkey in Eu- 

 rope were as follows in 1874: 



If we add to these figures the islands in the 

 European waters, Thasos, Imbros, Samothrace, 

 Lemnos, and Hagiostrati, together 582 square 

 miles, the foreigners living in Turkey, etc., we 

 may assume the present area of Turkey in Eu- 

 rope to be about 140,554 square miles, and the 

 population about 8,500,000. 



On October 7, 1875, the Sublime Porte de- 

 creed that during five years from January 1, 

 1876, the interest of the public debt be paid 

 half in cash and half in five per cent, bonds. 

 So much of the principal as would fall due 

 during the same period should be paid in like 

 manner. For this purpose, a law of October 

 20, 1875, authorized the Minister of Finance 

 to issue, in the course of the next five years, 

 five per cent, gold bonds to the total amount 

 of 35,000,000, or 875,000,000 francs, in series 

 of 7,000,000 each. 



The Turkish army is composed of the regu- 

 lar, irregular, and auxiliary troops. According 

 to a law of June 22, 1869, and later decrees, 

 the reorganization of the army is to be com- 

 pleted in 1878. It is to consist of 700,000 men, 

 divided into the active army (about 150,000 

 men), the first reserve (70,000 men), the second 

 reserve, and the sedentary army (correspond- 



ing to the German Landsturm). The irregular 

 troops consist of the gensdarmes, the Bahi- 

 Bozuks, Spahis, Bedouins, and other volunteer 

 corps, together about 50,000 men. The aux- 

 iliary troops are composed of contingents fur- 

 nished by the provinces not yet subject to the 

 nizam (active army) and the tributary states, 

 and amount to about 80,000 men. The war- 

 vessels, in 1873, consisted of 21 iron-clads 5 

 frigates, 5 corvettes, 6 monitors, 6 galleys, and 

 99 transports. The navy was manned by 

 30,000 sailors and 4,000 marine troops. 



The number of vessels engaged in the for- 

 eign trade was stated to be, in 1873, 231, of 

 37,760 tons, of which 9, of 3,049 tons, were 

 steamers. 



The number and tonnage of all vessels which 

 arrived in the Turkish ports during 1872 were 

 as follows : 



In 1874, 20,674 vessels, of 4,606,200 tons, 

 arrived in the port of Constantinople. Of 

 these, 4,185, of 2,697,700 tons, were steamers. 



The total length of railroads in operation in 

 1875 was 1,536 kilometres (1 kilometre = 0.62 

 mile) in Europe, and 276 kilometres in Asia. 

 The length of telegraph-lines in 1874 was 28,- 

 038, and of the wires 46,730 kilometres. The 

 number of offices was 393, and the number of 

 dispatches sent and received 910,130. 

 . The Turkish dependency of Roumania was 

 in 1875 governed by Prince Charles I., son of 

 the late Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sig- 

 maringen. Prince Charles was born April 20, 

 1839; elected Prince of Roumania, May 10, 

 1866; married November 15, 1869, to Eliza- 

 beth, Princess of Neuwied. The state ministry 

 was at the close of 1875 composed as follows : 

 Presidency and Interior, Catargi (appointed 

 1871); Finance, Cantacuzene (1871); War, 

 Floresco (1871); Foreign Affairs, Boeresco 

 (1873) ; Justice, Lahovary (1873) ; Agriculture, 

 Commerce, and Public Works, Rosetti (1875) ; 

 Public Instruction and Worship, Mai'oresco 

 (1874). The Senate consists of 76 members, 

 the Chamber of Deputies of 157 members, of 

 whom 82 are for Wallachia, and 75 for Molda- 

 via. Area, 46,710 square miles ; population in 

 1875, about 4,500,000. About 85.5 per cent, 

 of the total population belong to the Rouma- 

 nian nationality, and about 92.4 per cent, to 

 the Greek Oriental Church. In the budget of 

 the year 1876 the revenue and expenditure 

 were estimated at 96,217,384 francs; the pub- 

 lic debt on January 1, 1876, amounted to 532,- 

 250,698 francs. The imports in 1874 were 

 valued at 89,700,000 francs. In 1875 the length 

 of the railroads in operation was 1,235 kilo- 

 metres, and that of the telegraph-lines 3,819 ; 

 that of wires, 6,398 kilometres. 



