CAYOUK. 



CHARLESTON, S. C. 



99 



and was therefore a \vise measure, and he car- 

 ried it over all opposition. The revolution in 

 Naples, and Garibaldi's participation in it, re- 

 quired the highest order of statesmanship to 

 manage it in such a way as to bring order out 

 of confusion, and a compact united Kingdom 

 of Italy out of the discordant elements thus 

 developed. He proved competent to the work. 

 Garibaldi and Napoleon III., neither of them 

 his friends, and both of stubborn stuff, were 

 compelled against their will by his adroit man- 

 agement to accomplish his purposes, the former 

 effectually signing the death-warrant of his 

 own power, by ordering a universal suffrage in 

 Naples on the question of annexation to Sardi- 

 nia. On the 27th of January, 1861, the elec- 

 tions had taken place for a new parliament, in 

 which all the annexed States should be repre- 

 sented, and had resulted everywhere favorably 

 to the Government. It was opened on the 18th 

 of February, but business did not commence 

 till the middle of March. The first bill pre- 

 sented was one constituting the new monarchy 

 under the title of " The Kingdom of Italy." It 

 was passed almost unanimously, and the dream 

 of Cavour in 1832 had been fulfilled; he was 

 prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy ! The 

 winning from the unwilling grasp of the pope 

 the territory of Rome, so absolutely necessary 

 to the completion of the kingdom, for all felt 

 that Italy without Rome for its Capital, would 

 not be Italy, was a matter of difficulty; but 

 Cavour, in opposition to the more radical, who 

 proposed proclaiming a state of siege there, 

 counselled delay, and dissuaded from forcible 

 measures ; closing his harangue, with the 

 memorable words, " No state of siege, no ex- 

 ceptional laws ; liberty must not sully her 

 cause by assuming the arms of tyrants ! " 



The question of the volunteer or Southern 

 army was one of still greater difficulty. Gari- 

 baldi, who was a member of the parliament, 

 was irritated and vindictive, and on the 18th 

 of April he attacked Cavour in a written speech 

 of great bitterness, accusing him of being " the 

 enemy of Italy and the would-be fosterer of 

 civil war. 11 The Chamber was indignant, and 

 the friende of Garibaldi begged him to retract, 

 and Cavour to pardon the unjust charge. Ca- 

 vour offered his hand to Garibaldi, asking him 

 " to come and grasp it as that of a patriot, who 

 if trained in a different school, was no less ar- 

 dent than himself. 1 ' Garibaldi half rose to 

 comply, but again sat down, and it was not till 

 after the large majority of the parliament in 

 favor of Government, and his abandonment by 

 his own friends and officers had convinced 

 Garibaldi of the necessity of a retraction, that 

 he sought it through the king. Cavour as- 

 sented to a reconciliation, but the shock of such 

 an attack coming upon a frame overtasked by 

 extraordinary labors, was more than he could 

 sustain. His health visibly failed, and though 

 he made several able speeches, and transacted 

 his business with the same promptness as be- 

 fore, it was with far greater fatigue. On the 



29th of May he was seized with apoplexy he 

 was partially relieved, and on the 31st trans- 

 acted some business, but the exertion brought 

 another attack. From this he recovered so far 

 as to regain his consciousness, hut the copious 

 bleedings to which he was subjected, together 

 with the exhaustion of nature, brought on a 

 prostration from which he did not rally. 



CHARLESTON, the largest city in the 

 State of South Carolina, is situated on a point 

 of land between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 

 which unite immediately below the town and 

 form a spacious harbor, communicating with 

 the ocean at Sullivan's Island, seven miles be- 

 low. The population of the city in 1861 was 

 40,554. 



The harbor has six entrances, which, begin- 

 ning with the one farthest north, are in order : 

 Maffit's, or the Sullivan's Island channel, with 

 eleven feet; the North channel, with eight 

 feet ; the Swash, with nine feet ; the Overall 

 channel, which is not used; the mam ship 

 channel, with eleven feet ; and Lawford's chan- 

 nel, which gives eleven feet at mean low water. 

 The entrance by the North channel is extremely 

 precarious to vessels drawing seven feet of wa- 

 ter, and impassable at low tides to any other. 

 Swash channel varies in depth from seven to 

 ten feet. Maffit's channel is narrow at the 

 bulkhead near Fort Moultrie jettee. 



The first open and public movement in favor 

 of the dissolution of the Union was made in 

 Charleston. The step had been long contem- 

 plated, and the time had been fixed for its com- 

 mencement. Nevertheless affairs apparently 

 remained peaceful and quiet, although ripening 

 for a desperate future. The military aspect of 

 the United States was unchanged. A few sol- 

 diers, as usual, were at Fort Moultrie, and no 

 repairs were known to be in progress upon 

 that or either of the other forts, more than 

 might be made at any ordinary period. The 

 public property of the United States, however, 

 was early seized by the authorities, acting 

 under the State Convention, which resolved to 

 secede from the Union on the 20th of December. 



So long as Major Anderson apparently re- 

 mained thus quiet at Fort Moultrie, his pres- 

 ence with a small military force was, at the ut- 

 most, only a slight annoyance to the citizens. 

 But when it was discovered that he was at 

 work to place that old fort in a more effective 

 state for defence, the public attention was at 

 once attracted. An impetus was given to the 

 work on these repairs at first by speeches which 

 were made by some of the members in the 

 South Carolina Convention. Fears were there- 

 by aroused that the time would shortly come, 

 which would call into exercise the use of force 

 in protecting the public property. Public feel- 

 ing was gradually becoming more excited, and 

 had assumed a threatening aspect at the time 

 the troops were removed to Fort Sumter. By 

 this act Charleston was thrown into a state 

 of the wildest extcitement. A spectator thus 

 describes it : 



