COTTON. 



CZARTORYSKI, ADAM G. 255 



/ Xiger. Great progress has been made 

 in extending the culture. 



Arnjola, under the Portuguese government, 

 jrivo.- supplies for the Lisbon market. 



<il. The culture is extending by the in- 

 troduction of seed, aud making the tax payable 

 in cotton. The advantages are represented as 

 great. 



Cape Colony. Cotton is supplanting the 

 grain culture, which does not do well. 



'/ Coast. Native cotton is said to do well. 

 'a. There is an Anglo-Spanish Cotton 

 Company, capital $4,000,000, having for its 

 object the extension of the cotton culture. 



Jamaica. The British Cotton Company is 

 having good success, both in relation to quality 

 and quantity. 



Tobago, Barbadoes. In both islands cotton 

 has been planted. 



Pent. There are four cotton companies, and 

 a large number of small farmers are operating 

 upon a large scale with some success. 



Venezuela, N. Granada, have both been sup- 

 plied with seed, and the culture progresses. 



British Guiana is also the scene of mission- 

 ary efforts to promote the cotton culture. 



JBatavia. One proprietor has raised 272,000 

 Ibs. from X. Orleans seed, and 1,000,000 Ibs. 

 from other seed. 



Java. An estate has been devoted to the 

 culture. 



Feejee Islands. The native cotton is good, 

 and grows with little care. 



Australia. The capabilities are very great, 

 and efforts are being made to devote many 

 irge tracts to the culture. 



Ueylon. The Kandy Agricultural Society 

 have applied for permission to the people to 

 pay taxes in cotton, in order to encourage the 

 growth. 



Pegu, it is said, may prove a most extensive 

 cotton-growing region. 



These places will not all succeed in raising 

 cotton, but many of them may. If they do, 

 the most that can be expected from them is, 

 that they will assist in meeting the increased 

 demand. Thus in 1840, the United States ex- 

 ported, as compared with 1860, as follows : 



to. 



743.941.061 

 1,767,656,333 



f63.S70.S07 

 191,806,555 



Price. 

 8.5 ct*. 



10. So " 



In the next twenty years the demand may be 

 o thousand millions Ibs. greater. The United 

 Itates cannot supply it, and new sources must 

 be opened to prevent a continued rise in price. 

 The seceding States of the Union entertained 

 the opinion that in case of hostilities with the 

 Federal Government, a blockade of their ports 

 could not be maintained, because the demand 

 for cotton in Great Britain and France would 

 be so urgent and powerful as to compel those 

 powers to interfere and break up the blockade. 

 This was a chief reliance with them for success 

 in such a contest. (See CONGRESS, U. S.) Two 

 important considerations were, however, over- 

 looked by them in the formation of this opin- 



ion : Great Britain and France were so com- 

 mitted to the doctrine of the rights of neutrals, 

 that any interference by them in an effective 

 blockade would be condemned by all mankind, 

 and the existence of hostilities in the United 

 States would so diminish the market for cotton 

 manufactures as to render a reduced supply of 

 the raw material ample for a length of time. 



CURRENCY. (See BANKS.) 



CZARTORYSKI, PRINCE ADAM GEORGE, 

 Duke of Klewan and Zukow, a Polish states- 

 man, born at "Warsaw, Jan. 14, 17TO, died in 

 Paris, Jxdy 15, 1861. He commenced his studies 

 in the house of his fattier, Prince Adam Casimir 

 Czartoryski, and continued them at the Univer- 

 sity of Edinburgh, and afterwards at London. 

 In 1792 he fought in the ranks of the Polish 

 army against the Russians. After the partition 

 of Poland he was sent with his brother Constan- 

 tine as a hostage to the court of Catharine II., 

 where, being attached to the person of the 

 Grand-Duke Alexander, (afterward Alexander 

 I.,) he became his intimate friend. In 1797, 

 the Czar, Paul I., sent him as ambassador to 

 Turin. After the accession of Alexander to the 

 throne, he returned to Russia, and the Czar 

 made him Minister of Foreign Affairs. He 

 signed in this capacity the treaty with England 

 in April, 1805. He soon after resigned his port- 

 folio to accompany the Czar in the Austrian 

 campaign, and was present in most of the great 

 battles between Austerlitz and the Treaty of 

 Tilsit, and, unlike most of his countrymen, hav- 

 ing no confidence in the disposition or ability of 

 Napoleon to restore Poland to her ancient con- 

 dition, he adhered faithfully to Alexander, whom 

 he accompanied in 1814 to Paris and Vienna. 



In 1815, being made senator palatine of 

 the new kingdom of Poland, by Alexander, he 

 manifested his sympathies for a constitutional 

 monarchy, which, however, Alexander would 

 not grant. As curator of the University of 

 "Wilna, he often had occasion to protect the 

 students against the Russian police, and in 

 1821, finding himself powerless to prevent 

 their persecution, he resigned, and retired to 

 his estate of Pulawy, where he remained in re- 

 tirement till the revolution of 1830, when he 

 was called to preside over the provisional gov- 

 ernment. He convoked the diet of Dec. 18, 

 1830, which proclaimed the independence of 

 Poland, Jan. 25, 1831, and was elected Pres- 

 ident of the National Government, to accept 

 which he sacrificed his immense wealth. On 

 the 15th of August, 1831, after the scenes of 

 terror which transpired, he resigned the pres- 

 idency, and served as a private soldier in the 

 ranks of the army under Romarino. On the 

 defeat of that general, and the capture of "War- 

 saw, in Sept. 1831, he escaped to Paris. His 

 ancestral estates in Russian Poland were all 

 confiscated, and when, in 1846, he declared in 

 favor of the revolutionary movement which 

 drove the Aastrians out of Cracow, those in 

 Austria were also sequestrated, but were re- 

 stored in 1848. In March, 1848, in an eloquent 



