374 



INDIANS. 



made, without any hope of succor from the 

 Federal Government. The wife of Boss held 

 out to the last moment, and when an attempt 

 was made to raise a Confederate flag over the 

 Council House, her opposition was so spirited 

 that it was prevented. A Home Guard of 

 1,200 men was raised and drilled. The Creeks, 

 a nation of 13,550 persons, also raised 1,200 men. 



The Delaware Indians, on a reservation in 

 the State of Kansas, number 1,034. Their per- 

 sonal property averages almost $1,000 to each 

 individual. Many amongst them have become 

 traders with other Indians, both reclaimed and 

 wild, and travel even to the boundaries of 

 California. Some of the more thrifty of the 

 farmers hold more than a hundred acres subject 

 to the plough. 



The Pottawatomies have a reservation 30 

 miles square, rich in soil, and beautifully 

 located on the Kansas Kiver, near Topeka, the 

 present seat of Government for the State. A 

 division of sentiment exists in the tribe, which 

 numbers 2,143 persons, as to holding land in 

 severally or in common. "While the latter system 

 prevails, they are dependent in a measure upon 

 the chase for support. They are intelligent 

 and happy, and have schools and mission 

 churches. 



The Sacs and Foxes are a vigorous and power- 

 ful race, refusing to adopt the costume of the 

 whites. They accept the theory, but reject the 

 practices of civilized life, and choose to rely 

 .upon their buffalo hunts and annuities for sub- 

 sistence. They number over 1,300 persons. 



The Shawnees, who own their lands in 

 severalty, are estimated to hold as individual 

 property a million and a half dollars in value. 

 They number 810 persons, and are intelligent, 

 of gentlemanly bearing, and prosperous. 



The loways of the Missouri have almost en- 

 tirely abandoned the chase, and devoted them- 

 selves to agriculture. They number 300, and 

 have had during the year 225 acres of land 

 under cultivation. Their individual wealth is 

 estimated at $16,000. 



The Omahas are a prosperous agricultural 

 community. Although the tribe numbers less 

 than a thousand souls, they have, in addition 

 to a thousand acres of land fenced for pasture, 

 six hundred and seventy acres under cultiva- 

 tion. Their individual wealth is estimated at 

 $40,000. During the year they adopted a regu- 

 lar code of laws, established an internal police 

 selected among themselves, and are making 

 rapid advances in the manners and customs of 

 civilization. The culture of sorghum has been 

 commenced, from which they expect to obtain 

 sugar and molasses. 



The Kickapoos, upon whom famine, in con- 

 sequence of the drought of 1860, pressed sore 

 during the winter of 1860-'61, rejoiced in boun- 

 tiful crops in 1861. They number 350, and own 

 an aggregate of property worth $40,000. Their 

 efforts in raising wheat have been very satis- 

 factory. 



In the northern superintendency, the animos- 



ities which have in former years existed among 

 the various tribes still slumber. The land of 

 the "Winnebagoes on the northern frontier has 

 been divided among them in severalty, giving 

 to each head of a family eighty acres, and to 

 each male adult forty acres. They number 2,256, 

 and their aggregate individual wealth is $70,000. 



The Yanctonnais band of the Sioux has 

 hitherto been a wild and intractable people, 

 manifesting no disposition to abandon in the 

 least their savage mode of life. They have 

 exercised a powerful and pernicious influence 

 upon the neighboring tribes, who are less wild, 

 and are disposed to cultivate more intimate re- 

 lations with the whites. Now they are begin- 

 ning to surrender their prejudices, and are dis- 

 posed to arrive at a better understanding with 

 the Government. Their band numbers 3,650. 



Some of the Sioux located upon reservations, 

 have made a fair beginning in the customs of 

 civilized life. They have adopted the costume 

 of the whites, and rely for a subsistence upon 

 the arts of husbandry. This class is known as 

 " Farmer Indians," a term which distinguishes 

 them from the other class, known as " Blanket 

 Indians." The " Farmer Indians " are met in 

 each step in their endeavors to attain the arts 

 of civilization by the constant opposition of the 

 " Blanket Indians," who regard them as inno- 

 vators upon their ancient customs, wanting in 

 manliness, a discredit to their race, and " de- 

 generate sons of noble sires." The Sioux 

 number over 6,500, and their individual wealth 

 is estimated above $220,000, a part of which 

 consists of horses. Ordinary and manual labor 

 schools exist among them. Whiskey every- 

 where seems to possess for the Indian an irre- 

 sistible attraction, and having no just apprecia- 

 tion of values, he readily exchanges the most 

 valuable of his possessions to gratify his un- 

 controllable desire for this stimulant. 



In the Colorado Territory, the agents of the 

 Confederate States and the disaffected resident 

 whites have made a strong impression on the 

 minds of the Indians, and, although no acts of 

 hostility were committed, they have begun to 

 waver in their loyalty to the Federal Govern- 

 ment. The Cheyennes and Arapahoes, num- 

 bering 1,250, have treaty relations with the 

 Government. 



Those formidable tribes between the Upper 

 Arkansas and Texas have heretofore scorned 

 the restraints of civilization. For two years 

 past they have rendered the passage of the 

 plains perilous to emigrants. Within the last 

 year they have manifested a disposition to as- 

 sume friendly relations, and upon receiving the 

 annual present of goods, which had been with- 

 held for the two previous years, they entered 

 into a preliminary treaty. Thus the travel 

 upon the great plains between the frontier and 

 New Mexico has again been made secure, and 

 its worst dangers averted. The recent discov- 

 ery of gold within this territory has drawn 

 thither a rapid tide of emigration, which, being 

 precipitated amongst the tribes occupying the 



