ITALY. 



391 



abroad 5n Italy, the withdrawal of its troops 

 to-day will be the signal for the outbreak of 

 the revolution to-morrow." 



The first result of the refusal of the French 

 Emperor to restore the Legations to the Pope, 

 was the consummation of the revolution in these 

 provinces. On the 6th of September, the na- 

 tional assembly of Bologna voted unanimously 

 the cessation of the Roman authority, and the 

 following day the same body decreed annexa- 

 tion to the constitutional kingdom of Victor 

 Emanuel. and appointed a deputation to present 

 their petition to that monarch. The interview 

 for its presentation was held on the 24th of 

 September, and the result, though favorable, 

 was not decisive. Formal annnexation took 

 place, however, as a result of popular suffrage 

 in the Legations on the llth of March, 1860. 

 The vote for annexation was almost unanimous. 

 In fhe interval between the presentation of their 

 petition and this suffrage for annexation, a pam- 

 phlet, evidently inspired by the French Em- 

 peror, and entitled Le Pape et le Congres, had 

 appeared, (December 22, 1859,) which had 

 dexterously combated the claims of the Pope 

 to a temporal sovereignty, and declared its in- 

 compatibility with his spiritual domination. 

 This pamphlet produced an extraordinary ef- 

 fect, rousing the ultramontane and clerical 

 party in France and all over Europe to in- 

 tense hostility to the Emperor, (see FEAXCE.) 

 and resulting in the abandonment of the pro- 

 posed European Congress on Italian affairs, 

 inasmuch as the Austrian Government required 

 an engagement from the French Government 

 neither to bring before the Congress the meas- 

 ure* which the pamphlet advocated, nor to sup- 

 port them if brought forward by others an 

 engagement which the French Government 

 would not consent to make. 



Foiled in his attempts to enlist the aid of for- 

 eign powers in the subjugation of his former 

 provinces, the Pope now appealed to the faith- 

 ful throughout Europe to furnish him with the 

 men and means for recovering his lost patri- 

 mony. M. De Lamoriciere, a French general 

 of high reputation, volunteered to take com- 

 mand of his troops. Large collections of Peter's 

 pence were made throughout the Catholic world, 

 and volunteers from Belgium, Austria, and Ire- 

 land joined the Roman army in considerable 

 numbers. By the end of May, 1860, Lamoriciere 

 found himself at the head of 18,000 men, a force 

 he believed fully equal to the reduction of the 

 provinces which had annexed themselves to 

 Sardinia. After spending the summer in dis- 

 ciplining his force, he took armed possession in 

 September of the fortress of Ancona and other 

 points in Umbria and the Marches of Ancona, to 

 put down by force the tendencies to revolt 

 which were daily becoming more evident there. 

 Garibaldi was at this time engaged in the rev- 

 olution of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and 

 had entered Naples on the 8th of September. 

 The people of Umbria and the Marches had ap- 

 pealed to the Sardinian Government for pro- 



tection against the army of Lamoriciere, whirh, 

 like the Swiss mercenaries, was guilty of great 

 outrages. Count Cavour on the 8th or 9th of 

 September, had despatched an ultimatum to 

 the court of Rome, demanding the innnediato 

 disbandment of that army as an offence against 

 the public conscience of Italy and Europe. This 

 demand being refused, on the llth of Septem- 

 ber, the Sardinian army under command of 

 General Cialdini crossed the Roman frontiers, 

 welcomed everywhere by the people. Perugia, 

 Spoleto, Pesaro, Fano, and Sinigaglia surren- 

 dered in rapid succession, and by a forced march 

 of 38 leagues in 2-4 hours, Cialdini succeeded 

 in reaching the heights of Osimo and Castel 

 Fidardo, and thus prevented the junction of 

 Lamoriciere with the other Roman troops. The 

 latter was thus compelled to give battle ; and 

 though he had 10,000 men and Cialdini but 

 8,000, yet after a sharp fight of some hours, 

 Lamoriciere was completely routed, his army 

 scattered, and he himself abandoned the field 

 and fled with a few attendants to Ancona. 

 Cialdini pursued the Roman forces to Loreto, 

 and captured the entire body. Ancona only 

 now remained to the Pope of the whole prov- 

 inces of Umbria and the Marches, and this 

 Cialdini captured after a few days' siege. The 

 result was a further accession, again by popular 

 suffrage, to the Sardinian sway, of Umbria, with 

 a population of 472,639 ; the Marches of An- 

 cona, with 924,055 inhabitants; and Yiterbo, 

 with 129,372 ; leaving under the sway of the 

 Pope only the comarca of Rome, Civita Yecchia, 

 Yelletri, and Frosinone, with an aggregate pop- 

 ulation of only 562,787 inhabitants. Though 

 the number of his subjects were so greatly re- 

 duced, the Pope abated nothing of his demands. 



In vain have the French Emperor and the 

 King of Italy sought to pacify and arrange the 

 complicated affairs of temporal Rome. To 

 every proposition aimed at an adjustment of the 

 existing difficulties, which looks to the restric- 

 tion or abdication of his temporal sovereignty, 

 the sole reply of the Pope is, '' Non possumus," 

 (we cannot.) 



In consequence of the encouragement of 

 the insurrection in the kingdom of the Two 

 Sicilies by the King of Sardinia, France and 

 Russia withdrew their ambassadors from Tu- 

 rin; and the former power, by stationing its 

 fleet in the harbor of Gaeta, prevented an 

 attack upon that fortress, the stronghold of 

 Francis II., by the Sardinian navy. Con- 

 vinced at last of the impossibility of the re- 

 covery of his ancient kingdom by that mon- 

 arch, the French emperor withdrew his squad- 

 ron early in February, and on the 14th of that 

 month Gaeta surrendered, and the ex-king of 

 Naples escaped on board a French war steamer 

 to Rome, where he remained during the year, 

 endeavoring, as opportunity offered, to raise 

 insurrections, and encourage brigandage in his 

 former dominions. Messina surrendered on the 

 13th of March, and Civitella on the 20th. 



The reorganization of the newly-acquired 



