

ACETIC A- Hi 



ACETYL. 



It gradually become* converted into hydrated acid from the absorption 

 of moisture. 



Pcreaitaf* ' 



of Mono- I 

 dp. Gravity, hydrated j Sp. Gravity. 



of Mono. 



hvdratrd 8p. Gravity. 

 Add. 



1-06SS 

 1-0653 



i -os; 



1-061 



1-OG9 



1-070 



1-0706 



1-0708 



i 0716 



1-0711 



1-07SO 



1-07 SO 



1-0730 



1-07 SO 



1-0730 



1-0730 



1-0730 



0730 



07 SO 



07S2 



0735 



0735 



0732 



0732 



073 



072 



071 



072 



071 



071 



070 



070 



1-070 



1-069 



100 

 9 

 98 

 (7 

 96 

 95 

 94 

 91 

 1 

 91 

 90 

 89 

 M 

 87 

 86 

 85 

 84 

 83 

 82 

 81 

 80 

 79 

 78 



76 

 75 

 74 

 73 



; 



71 

 70 

 69 

 68 

 67 



1-069 



: - 



1'06 



1-06* 



1-067 



l-67 



'. ' 



066 







OUJ 

 '064 

 '004 

 '063 

 '063 

 06J 

 061 

 060 

 039 

 048 

 056 

 056 

 035 

 034 

 033 

 051 

 0515 

 0513 

 050 

 04* 

 1-048 

 1-047 

 1-046 

 1-045 

 1-044 



16 



6] 

 64 

 63 

 6S 

 61 

 60 

 59 

 58 

 47 

 36 

 35 

 54 

 53 

 3! 

 51 

 30 

 49 

 4* 

 47 

 4C 

 45 

 44 

 43 

 41 

 .41 

 40 

 39 

 38 

 37 

 30 

 33 

 34 

 33 



1-0424 



1-041 



1-040 



1-039 



1-038 



1-036 



1-035 



1-034 



1-033 



1-031 



1-011 



1-029 



1-027 



1-026 



l-02i 



1-024 



1-023 



1-021 



1-020 



1-018 



1-017 



1-01C 



1-015 



1-013 



1-012 



1-010 



1-008 



1-OOC7 



1-0055 



1-004 



1-002 



1-001 



1-000 



of Mono- 

 hydnted 



Acid. 



31 

 31 

 30 

 29 

 18 

 IT 

 S6 

 15 

 24 

 23 

 22 

 21 



19 

 18 

 17 

 16 

 15 

 14 

 IS 

 12 

 11 

 10 

 9 



Antic Arid (Medical propertitt of). Vinegar produce* very different 

 effects according to its degree of concentration ; its effects are also 

 different un the dead and living organic tisanes. It acts as an 

 effectual preservative from the putrefactive fermentation of dead 

 organic tissues, and is hence employed aa the mean* of forming pickles, 

 ur meat in a dried state, by simply immersing the substance in it for 

 a few minutes. Wood vinegar, or pvroligneous acid, is most efficacious 

 for this purpose, owing to the creasote present in it. Crude pyro- 

 ligneoua acid is one of the most effectual applications to timber, both 

 to prevent the dry-rot and the ravage* of insect*. Concentrated 

 acetic acid acts on the living tissue* as a caustic poison ; applied to the 

 -kin it cause* heat, redness, and rapid inflammation. The same is the 

 case when taken into the mouth, or applied to any mucous membrane, 

 which it blackens like sulphuric acid. When properly diluted and 

 used in moderation, it heightens the vitality of the stomach and greatly 

 promote* the digestive powers. Indeed free acetic acid i* one of those 

 always present in the stomach in a healthy state, and the substitution 

 of lactic acid for it in that organ is one of the most common accom- 

 paniment* of indigestion, especially in bilious persons. The peculiar 

 property which vinegar possesses of dissolving gelatine points out the pro- 

 priety of employing it a* a condiment when veal or other young meat*, 

 or fish, are taken. Its power* are heightened by having aromatic or 

 pungent principle* dissolved in it, such as chillies or taragon. In 

 OMW of *low digestion the moderate use of vinegar impregnated with 

 these is much to be commended ; but the abute of it i* to be repro- 

 bated, a* productive of serious evils. This is *een in the caie of ladies 

 who employ vinegar to retain a slender figure, and who thereby induce 

 organic disease*, even cancer of the stomach. Vinegar assist* the 

 digestion of crud vegetable*, and is appropriately used for salads. It* 

 power orer the nervous system is seen in case* of poisoning with 

 narcotic poison* and in cane* of drunkenness. In the former case care 

 must be taken that the narcotic substance i* completely eradiated from 

 tli* stomach before administering it, otherwise much injury may result 

 from a powerful aoetato being formed. But after the removal' of tl>. 

 poison nothing combat* more effectually the secondary symptoms than 

 vinegar, specially if coffee be dissolved in it Few things will restore 

 a drunken man to hi* sense* more speedily than giving him vinegar to 

 drink, beuo* the popular custom of putting pickles into tin- mouth of 

 a drunken |rann. 



Vinegar acte a* a refrigerant and a* a grateful drink in fever. It 

 way be applied .xVrnally likewise to the palm* of the hands of con- 

 sumptive persons, to cool the hectic flush and prevent the subsequent 

 ilamrav prnpiration*. In oases of commencing anamrca, or Ions of 

 UMM of tb* skin in advancing life, vinegar is a very useful wash. In n 

 eoBosntrsted form it is beneficial in MDIP forms of ring won, 



bough crude prroligneous acid is preferable, owing to the 

 iiMaril* which it contain*. The vapour of strong Booth 

 or arocnaUsed, i* a powerful restorative when appli, t rils in 



impending fainting, ur a* a means of relieving headache. It was 



formerly regarded a* a disinfectant, or a protection against plague and 

 similar ilisnssnii. but it merely ova-powers and does not destroy un- 

 wholesome odours ; free ventilation is therefore preferable. Acetic 

 acid acts as a powerful >! \.-nt both of gum resin*, the action of 

 l>irh it thereby increases, such a* aasafcetida and other vegetable 

 prim iples, such as those of colchicuiu, squill, Ac., and also of metallic 

 oxides, such as copper. 



The vapour of acetic ether carefully introduced by a suitable appa- 

 ratus through the Eiwtachiau tube into the ear, is very emcau 

 restoring hearing in case* of nervous deafness, il'ilchrr. OH tkt Ear.) 

 Strong acetic acid, either alone ur having the active principle of can- 

 tharidea dissolved in it. furnishes a ready means of forming a blister. 



In case* of poisoning by strong acetic acid, chalk should be instantly 

 administered. 



ACETIC ITIII :i: [KTHEBS.] 



Ai'KTlNKS, artificial nils formed by the direct union of acetic add 

 with glycerine. They were first made by Berthelot, who ha* also suc- 

 ceeded in combining some of the fatty acids with glycerine, forming 

 natural fats. There are three compound* with acetic acid. In the act 

 of formation, the element* of water are always separated : 



Monacetlne = C,.H,,O, = HO, C.H,O, + C.H.O. MI<>. 

 Diaccune = C,,H 1 ,O,, = 1(I1O, C,U,O.,) + C.H.O, 411". 

 Triacetine = C^H^O,, = 3(HO, C,H,O,) + C.H.O. 6HO. 



ifwaatine is formed by. heating a mixture of glacial acetic acid and 

 glycerine to 212 for fourteen hours. It U a neutral liquid, possessing a 

 peculiar odour and pungent taste. Its sp. g. is V20. Mixed with 

 half its volume of water, it forms a limpid mixture, which becomes 

 opalescent when further diluted, although the glycerine does not 

 separate. It is soluble in ether. 



Diacetinc in obtained by heating glacial acetic acid with excess of 

 glycerine to 200 for three hours. It is an oil of an agreeable odour. 

 congealing at 40, miscible with an equal volume of water, hut 

 becoming opalescent by further dilution. It is soluble in ether and in 

 benzole. 



Triacetine is produced by heating diacetine to 482 for four hours, 

 with fifteen to twenty times its weight of glacial acetic acid. It is a 

 volatile, neutral, odoriferous liquid, of an ethereal and slightly 

 taste, insoluble in water, but very soluble in dilute alcohol. Sp. g. 

 1-174. 



All three acetines are decomposed by alcoholic solution of hydro- 

 chloric acid into acetic ether and glycerine. 



ACETO-BENZOIC ACID. Formula, C,,H.O,, = C.H S 0,, C..H.O.,. 

 An anhydrous composite acid obtained by treating chloride of othyl 

 with benzoate of soda. The re-action proceeds without the application 

 of heat. The product is purified by washing with water, solution in 

 ether, and final separation of the ether by a gentle heat. Anhydrous 

 acete-benzoic acid is an oily neutral body, heavier than water, possessing 

 an agreeable vinous odour. It cannot be distilled without decom- 

 position. Boiled with water, it is slowly decomposed into hydrated 

 acetic and benzole acids ; the same decomposition is effected rapidly by 

 solutions of the caustic alkalies, an acetate and a benzoate of the alkali 

 being formed. 



ACETO-CINNAMIC ACID. Formula, C M H 10 6 =C.H,0,,C,,H 7 1 . 

 An anhydrous acid, containing the oxides of the negative radicals othyl 

 and cinnumyl. It is obtained by the action of chloride of othyl upon 

 cinnamate of soda, and in its properties and re-actions closely resemble 

 aceto-benzoic acid. 



ACETO-CUMINIC AC 1 0. F, .nnula, C..H,.0 4 = C.H.O,. C,l l M Ou 

 Formed by the action of chloride of othyl upon eliminate of soda. It 

 is a composite anhydrous acid, closely resembling the aceto-benzoic acid 

 in its properties. Alkalies convert it into acetate and benzoate. 



M I:TO-SALICYLIC ACID. FormuU,c 1 .H,o.*c.H,o,o,.H,o.. 



Produced by the action of chloride of othyl upon salicylate of soda. It 

 is a very unstable, composite, anhydrous acid, which in immediately 

 decomposed into acetic and salicylic acids by alkaline sohit 



ACETONE, a derivative of acetic acid. [KETOHW.] 



ACETONITRYL. [METHYL, CYAXIDK or.] 



ACETONINE (C^H^N,) is formed by the action of gaseous amin> > 

 nia on acetone. The decomposition is produced by heating the mixture in 

 a sealed tube at a temperature of 212, S(C,,H O,) + 2NH,= C,,H,.N. 

 + 6HO. It is an alkaline liquid, with a smell of ui i .lul.l,. 



in water, ether, and alcohol. It* combination with hydrochloric acid 

 forms, with bichloride of platinum, a crystalline salt of an orange- 

 yellow colour, insoluble in ether, but soluble in w.-itcr and in Killing 

 alcohol slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Aeetonine stands in 

 the same relation to acetone as amarine to hydride of benzoyl, ainl i-< 

 probably a diamine containing three equivalents of t! i.idical 



AfflnnJfacid (2HO, C ln H,,0 10 ), is formed when a mixture of a. 

 hydrocyanic acid, and hydrochloric acid is heated. 2(C,H () O I ) + 

 2(H,C,N) + 8HO + 2HC1 = "HO, C, H 0, + 2(NH.<:1. It is soluble 

 in alcohol, ether, and water. It crystallises in prisms, and form 

 talliMblc salU. Acotonic acid may be regarded as lactic acid, in which 

 two equivalent* of hydrogen are replaced by two equivalents of methyl, 

 OJ&JCfjiO.r 



VI.. This term has bcon applied to two distinct hypotl 

 radicals, viz., first to the group (C, H,) whMi Ijebig regarded a* the 



