AD LIBITUM. 



ADDITION. 



with a hjoiuiier o&oe or twice to make it pun through the skin, turued 

 it round between the forefinger end thumb till it entered to the depth 

 of an inch, and then, after about thirty respiration*, withdrew it, and 

 preated the puncture with his finger* to force out the imaginary 

 vapour. After having made four such puncture*, be was instantly 

 relieved, and got welL Some yean afterward*, a physician, who 

 accompanied a Dutch embassy to Japan, continued thin account, by the 

 statement that the Japanete are in the constant habit of performing 

 thi* operation iu various diaorden attended with acute pain, and that 

 he himself frequently witnessed the instantaneous oeamtton of the pain 

 a* if by enchantment. No further notice appear* to have been taken 

 of this mode of treatment in Europe fur upward* of a century, when it 

 wai alluded to by the celebrated Vicq-d'Azyr in the ' Encyclo|X<die 

 MeHhodique,' merely for the purpose of congratulating the world that 

 the (tatemenU of Ten Uhyue and Kwmpfer, the physicians who Lad 

 given the &nt account* of it, had not induced any European physician 

 or surgeon to practise it Iu the year 1810, however, acme trial) of it 

 wen made by Dr. Berlioi, a physician of Paris, who found, or fancied 

 he found, it to efficacious a remedy, that he was induced to employ it 

 very extensively, and many French practitioner* imitated hu example 

 with the aarne apparent result*. It hag been subsequently tried in 

 England, and sufficient experience of it nan now been obtained to prove 

 that the operation iteelf is attended with little or no pain, and that it 

 may be employed at least with safety, if not with advantage. 



There are two eases in which it seems likely to be beneficial, first, 

 in painful local affection* unattended with change of structure in the 

 part diseased, and without local inflammation or general fever, and, 

 secondly, in that species of dropsy termed anasarca, in which the water 

 is accumulated in the cells of the cellular membrane that lies immedi- 

 ately beneath the skin. It is probable that all the cases of the first 

 class consist of disordered states of the nerves of the parts affected 

 I XECBALCIA]. There cannot be a question that this remedy has proved 

 beneficial in cases of thu kind sufficiently often to warrant the trial of 

 it, whenever these disorders do not yield to the ordinary modes of 

 treatment ; and under these circumstances there is the greater reason 

 for resorting to it, since the operation occasions no pain, and since no 

 evil consequence of any kind has ever been known to result from it. 

 But if the part affected be inflamed, and more especially if there be 

 any degree of febrile action in the system, the acupuncture of the part 

 will certainly do no good, and will very likely produce mischief. 



In anasarca a few punctures made with the needle will allow a ready 

 exit to the fluid, which may continue to drain during several days in 

 Hucceasion ; and when this is the case, it invariably affords relief, and 

 sometimes saves, and oftener prolongs, life. Scarification is a remedy 

 of the same kind in ordinary use, but the inflammation that results 

 from this practice is sometimes severe, and occasionally runs into 

 mortification. Acupuncture is affirmed by many who have made trial 

 of it to be equally effectual, and to be much less apt to be attended 

 with these evil consequences. 



The needles employed in oriental countries are always made of 

 the purest gold or silver ; those of gold are preferred, and great care is 

 taken to obtain them well tempered. In China their manufacture is a 

 distinct occupation, understood by few, and those few are licensed by 

 the emperor. Some of these needles are fine, about four inches in 

 length, with a spiral handle, for the purpose of more easily turning 

 them, and are kept by means of a ring, or a piece of silk thread, in 

 grooves, each capable of holding one needle : the grooves are formed in 

 each aide of a hammer, usually made of the polished horn of the wild 

 ox, ivory, ebony, or some other hard wood ; the hammer is rather 

 longer than the needle, and has a roundish head, covered on the side 

 that strikes with a piece of leather, and rendered heavier by a little 

 lead within. The needles employed in Europe are of steel, long and 

 fine, and furnished either with a nob of sealing-wax at their head, or, 

 what i* more convenient, a little handle of ivory or wood, screwing 

 into a sheath for the needle. They are beet introduced by a slight 

 pressure, and a semi-rotating motion, between the thumb and fore- 

 finger, and withdrawn with the came motion. In oases of neuralgic 

 pain the needle should lie allowed to remain in from a quarter of an 

 hour to two hours. It would appear, that in cases of this kind, a 

 number of needles introduced, and hastily withdrawn, is not as effectual 

 as the introduction of a single needle that is allowed to remain for the 

 pace of a couple of hours. When the only object is to afford an exit 

 to the fluid collected hi anasarca, of course the mere puncture is suffl 

 cient ; there is no use in allowing the needle to remain. 



A modification of this operation has been recently proposed in cases 

 of neuralgia, A tubular needle, connected with a syringe, is intro- 

 duced into that part of the course of the diseased nerve which is 

 moat painful on pressure, and a weak solution of morphia is injected 

 into the tissues. In many oases this has been followed with instan- 

 taneous relief. It requires, however, care, as, in some cases, profound 

 narcotism has been induced. 



AD LIBITUM, Latin, or ad lib. in music, denotes that the per- 

 former is at liberty to pause, or to introduce any cadence or addition of 

 hi* own, according to his judgment. An accompaniment is said to be 



ad libitum, when it is not essential, and may be either used or omitted 

 as circumstance* may require, without materially affcctfaur the compo- 

 .: H 



ADA'OIO, iu Music, an Italian adverb, signifying timely, Itittmty 



and used to indicate the slowest movement in music. It has long 

 seen th* custom to point out the quickness or slowness, as also the 

 manner or fharantar, of a piece of music, by some Italian word, placed 

 at the beginning of the composition. These an sometimes very in- 

 adequate to the purpose, and much is commonly left to the judgment 

 of the performer. The use of the metronome [MaTROicoxi], fixes the 

 intention of the composer as regard* movement, that is to say, quickness 

 or slowness. With respect to style, to the passion meant to be 

 expressed, much must still depend on the taste and intelligence of 

 those to whom the execution of a work is intrusted. 



The five principal terms denoting the degree* of motion, beginning 

 from the slowest and proceeding to the quickest, are Adayio, very 

 slow ; Largo, alow ; Andante, a moderate tune ; Alitgro, quick ; PreHo, 

 very quick. Other term* relating to slowness or quickness are but 

 modifications of the above. 



These word* are also used substanti vely : thus we say, an ' Adagio ' 

 of Haydn ; an ' Andante ' of Mozart, 4c. 



ADAR, the twelfth month of the Hebrew year. (Esther, iii. 7.) 

 The name of this mouth is Chaldee, and does not occur in the earlier 

 books of the Bible, where the months are usually designated by their 

 numerical order. 



In the Jewish calendar, Adar is the sixth month. In ecclesiastical 

 computations, it is still the last of the year. As the year being com- 

 posed of twelve lunar months is shorter by about eleven days than a 

 true year, an additional month is periodically inserted after Adar, and 

 is called Ve-Adar, or another Adar. This intercalation occur* seven 

 times in nineteen yean. 



Adar may begin as early as the 1st of February, or as late as the 

 3rd of March. In years of twelve months, there are twenty days in Adar ; 

 in those of thirteen months, there are thirty days in the month. A fast 

 is observed by some Jews in memory of the death of Moses, on tin- 7tli 

 day of the month ; another, on the 9th, for the schism in the schools 

 of Shan 11 inn and Hillel. On the 18th day of the month, the Fast of 

 Esther is kept by the whole Jewish nation. This fast is said to have 

 been instituted in memory of the intended destruction of the Jews in 

 the Persian empire on that day. (Esther, iii. 13.) If the 13th day 

 should be a Saturday, the Fast of Esther is celebrated on the preceding 

 Thursday : all other fasta (except the Great Fast of Expiation, which 

 is never postponed) are, in similar cases, held on the Sunday following. 

 The feast of Purim, which lasts two days, belongs to the 14th and 15th 

 of the month, in memory of the defeat of the plans laid for destroying 

 the Jews. (Esther, ix. 1621.) 



In the years iu which the month Ve-Adar is inserted, the Purini ami 

 the Fast of Esther belong to that month ; and the 14th of Adar is 

 called the First or Little Purim. It appears, then, that in the inter- 

 calary year, it is the first Adar that is really the intercalary month, as 

 the festivals remain to Ve-Adar. (Ideler, ' Lehrbuch der Chronologie,' 

 Berlin, 1831.) The festival iu honour of the dedication of the second 

 Temple, is kept by some Jews on the 16th, and by others on the 28rd 

 of this month. There is no exact account of the day of dedication ; 

 the temple was completed on the 3rd day of the month. (Ezra, vi. 15.) 



Adar is the name of the seventh month of the Syro-Maoedonian 

 year, which coincides nearly with our March. 



ADDISON'S DISEASE. [KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF.] 



ADDITION, from the Latin addo to gire to, is the putting together 

 of two or more magnitudes into one. In arithmetic and algebra it 

 also signifies the most convenient method of doing thU, so that the 

 sum or collection of added quantities may be counted or reckoned in 

 the same manner as the parts of which it was composed. The sign of 

 thi* operation is + , which is generally pronounced jJtu, the Latin for 

 mart. Thus + 6 directs us to add the number denoted by 6 to that 

 denoted by a, and represent* the sum of a and b. 



Addition of whole numbers hi arithmetic is performed partly by 

 <y, partly by the aid of the decimal system of numeration. 

 [NUMERATION.] The sum of every two numben, each of which is 

 not greater than 9, must be remembered ; from whence the addition of 

 such numbers as 28 and 9, 33 and 6, Ac., can be performed in tho 

 head. The further process is the same hi principle, whether the 

 several quantities to be added together be tens, hundreds, &c., pence, 

 shillings, *c., or any other denomination. Presuming that no reader 

 will be ignorant of the ordinary methods, we show the general 

 principle for all cases in the following question, in which any tinea of 

 headings may be taken : 



Hundreds. 



Tens. 

 Pence. 



I'crchc*. 



e 



tnlU. 

 Farthing. 

 84. Yard!. 



A 

 I, 



" 



Add together </, h, and 11, and if they be units, convert the MUM into 

 tens and unite ; if farthings, into pence and farthings. c., meaning 

 thereby, take the greatest number of tens out of all the unite, of pence 

 out of all the farthings, 4c., ttin+h + d, and write what is left under 

 n. Carry (as it is cafied) the tens, pence, &c., to the next column on 

 the left, and add successively in, g, and t to them, taking the hundreds, 

 shillings, &c., as the case may be, from the result, and writing the 



