I 



-ETHERS. 



AFFIX. 



ad figure of the thing toelf u oonrejred objectively by the MOM* ; 2. 



i; aud.3. The free and absolute creation ,.f 



\ 

 the mind itoelf. 



If we would rightly understand the place which Art occupies in tin- 

 collective domain of natural and spiritual or intellectual liiV, w>> must 

 consider UM entire purport of our being ; when we at once find dm 

 not alone must the physical and social wants be satisfied, ami the 

 religious feeling which U implanted in man, find it* ].I,.|-T object : I nit 

 that the intellectual faculties the t.>t.i!iiy f knowledge and pci. 

 in h>rt, which all are conci -u- of in t hcmselvea must rind their 

 adequate occupation. Am) within this totality come* the desire for 

 the fulfilment of it* perception in Form. 



A* the ideal of the Beautiful in Art. Hegel belierei that he hits 

 established that there are First, an abstract form or inner notion 

 l Inhalt i : .-i-condly, the expreaion, nr the reality of thin significance : 

 .in.l thirdly, that both these miuit be ao inteqwnetrated by ench other, 

 that the outward form l>ecomes only a representation of the inner ; and 

 \* otherwise non-exl-tent, except as a neceasary clothing of the abstract 

 fiirui. idea, or comvptioii (Inhalt). Kor thin, he nays, which we 

 .-.ill tin- Inhnlt, in the object itaelf in the simplest form, even when 

 brought back by mirrounding definitions in opposition to actual repre- 

 sentation. Thin Dimple conception, thin thesis, aa we may say, which 

 forms the basw of all actual representation, in the abstract; aa the 

 actual representation, the full development on the contrary, i" the 

 i . .Hereto. 



ThiiB. u Miiller expresses it (' Handbuch dcr Arch, dcr Knnst ') " Art 

 ia a representation, or activity, by means of which, something internal 

 or npiritu.il is revealed to sense. It only object is to represent, and it 

 in distinguished by its being satisfied therewith from all practical 

 activities which are directed to some particular purpose of active life." 

 I'nder the influence of Hegel's idea* many works of considerable merit 

 hare appeared. Mich as ' Neue Vorschule del- .Ivsthetik,' published at 

 Halle in 1837 (which is modelled on the form of J. P. Richter's work of 

 the same titled and Yischcr'a work, ' Ueber das Erhahene und Ko- 

 uiische.' Darmstadt, 183". 



The above meagre definitions may serve in some measure to i '. 

 tense the |N>ints fp>m which some of the principal German philosophers 

 have started in their respective systems of [esthetic*. We think it not 

 irrelevant to remind our readers that it is almost impossible to con- 

 dense within a few words what it would require a dissertation fully to 

 explain and to discuss; and also, that the opinions of any philosopher 

 i.)..rted in a foreign language are always apt to appear to disadvantage, 

 but mure particularly HO when the language in which they were 

 originally expressed affords such wonderful facilities for the utterance 

 of speculative thought as the Herman. 



Many German writers have, with greater or less independence, 

 followed the principles laid down by Baumgarten, Kant, Schelling, or 

 Hegel. They commonly divi.l.- their systems into a general part, or a 

 discussion of the essence of beauty ami art, and a special one, or an 

 inquiry into the peculiar character and predominant principles of the 

 several branches of poetry on the one hand, and the line arts (chiefly 

 sculpture, architecture, painting, and music) on the other. 



lu a wider and more general meaning, teathetical is often used in 

 opposition to logical, as expressing the feeling of pleasure given by 

 viewing an object, without reference to iU utility. 



.ETHERS. [ETiirRs.] 



AFFEERERS. [Lr 



AFFETTUO'SO (Ital. afefHanate). in Music, signifies a tender, 

 expressive style; and slowness is invariably implied. In regard to 

 movement it may be considered as equal in degree to larghetto. 



AFFIDAVIT is a statement of facU in writing, on oath. The word 

 is the perfect tense of the barbarous Latin word ajXtfn. to plc<l 

 to, and w taken from the old Latin form of declaration on oath, 

 which commenced thus: "Affidavit J. f>.," ".1.8. hath sworn," &c. 

 By the practice of our tribunals, affidavits are necessary in many caws, 

 in order to bring facts under the cognisance of courts of justice. All 

 evidence of fact* must IK> given on oath, or affirmation, either by oral 

 testimony or by affidavit. When- evidence is to be acted upon by 

 juries, it is given OH oral testimony; where it is to inform a court or 

 judge, it is often put in the form of an affidavit. 



An affidavit in usually made as follows : If made in a cause, the 

 name of the court in which the cause is pending, and the names of the 

 plaintiff and defendant, are written at the head of the |>aper. The 

 name, description, and residence of the deponent, or person making the 

 affidavit, are written at length, and the individual who mokes the 

 Affidavit signs his name at the foot of it. The p iper is then read over 

 to him, and he is requested to swear that the contents of the |pcr are 

 true. And lastly, the jurat (a term derived from the l.-itiii word 

 jura/Mm, ' (worn ) expressing the officer [judge, commissioner, magis- 

 trate, or other person] before whom, and where, and when, the 

 affidavit is made, U signed by that officer. If the affidavit be swom in 

 open court, that circumstance is mentioned in the jurat, and no officer 

 is named. 



The forms of affidavit are generally regulated by the rules of the 

 particular courts in which they are to be used, great strictness being 

 in all case* required in their preparation. 



AFFINITY (from the Latin atljlnllat) means a relationship by 

 marriage. The husband and wife being legally considered at one per- 



son, those who ore related to the one by blood are related to the other in 

 the same degree by affinity. This relationship being the result of a 

 lawful marriage, the person* between whom it exists are said to be 

 related m Inr ; the father or brother of a man's wife being called his 

 f<ithrr-i*-la<c mbniihrr-ia-lmr. Affinity is of importance in one respect, 

 that by law it may be an ini]>edimeiit to marriage, for persons related 

 by affinity are foi bidden to marry within the same degrees as persons 

 related by blood. This rule which exclude* from marriage those who 

 an- within certain degree* of affinity is supposed to be founded on the 

 Mosaic law. The degrees of relationship, both of consanguinity and 

 affinity, within which marriages are prohibited, are contained in 

 bishop Parker's 'Table of Kindred and Affinity, wherein whomsoever 

 are related are forbidden in Scripture and our laws to marry toi;- 

 Parker, of his own authority, ordered this Table to be printed and net 

 up in the churches of his province of Canterbury. The Constitution 

 and Canons Ecclesiastical, which were made in the reign of James I., 

 1603, confirmed Parker's Table, which thus became part of the marriage 

 law so far as that law is administered by the Kcclesiastical t 

 Marriages within the prohibited degrees couM formerly only be annulled 

 by the Ecclesiastical Courts, and only during the life of the h 

 and wife. The 5 & 6 Wm. IV. c. 54 (1885) however declares that all 

 marriages celebrated before the passing of that Act between persons 

 within the prohibited degrees of affinity Khali not \v annul). -d i 

 cause by any sentence of the Ecclesiastical Court; but th.it all mar- 

 riages which shall hereafter be celebrated between persons within the 

 prohibited degrees of consanguinity or affinity shall be absolutely null 

 ami void. This Act doe* not define what are the prohibited degrees, 

 and this part of the enactment must be interpreted by a reference to 

 Parker's Table, and the canons, if the question arises 1 

 spiritual ; and by statute or judicial de. .iriw in the civil 



courts. The princijial statute is the >'< Hen. VIII. c. 82. (Black. 

 'Comm.,' Mr. Kerr's cd. vol. i. p. 452.) 



There arc certain cases of prohibition, such as the prohibition againnt 

 n man marrying his deceased wife's sister, which 

 many persona to rest on no good reasons. 



The general rules on this subject are the same in Scotland 

 England ; but the 5 & 6 Win. IV. c. 54, does not extend to Scotland. 



The distinction between affinity and consanguinity i- derived from 

 the Roman law. The kinsfolk (,'/) of the husband and wife 

 became respectively the mllSne* of the wife and husband. We have 

 borrowed the words affinity and consanguinity from the Roman law. 

 but we have no term corresponding to <7tfiw. The Romans did imi 

 reckon degrees of aJjiitiliuiut they did of consanguinity <>'?/""''"> : but 

 they had terms to express the various kinds of . toeer, 



father-in-law; sorriix, mother-in-law. 



AITIMTY IN CHEMISTRY. [CHI-JIICAI. AFFINITY.] 



AFFIRMATION, in Law, ia the solemn asseveration made by Quakers, 

 Moravians, and Separatist*, in cases where an oath ia required from 

 others. This indulgence was first introduced by 7 & 8 Wm. III., c. 84. 

 which enacts that the solemn affirmation of Quakers in courts of 

 justice shall have the same effect as on oath taken in the usual form. 

 The provisions of this statute were extended by 8 Geo. I. c. 

 22 Geo. II. c. 40, s. 86 j but in all there is a clause restraining y 

 from giving evidence on their affirmation in criminal coses. This 

 in, which Lord Mansfield called*' a strong prejudice in the 

 minds of the great men who introduced the original statute " (Cow per' 

 ' Reports,' p. 890), was removed by 9 Geo. IV. c. 82. Quakers, M... i- 

 viana, and Separatists (3 & 4 Wm. IV. cc. 49, 82), may now give 

 e\ideiici -in all cases, upon their solemn affirmation. The Act 1 ft 2 

 Viet. c. 77, allows the same privilege to persons who have been at any 

 time Quakers, Moravians, or Separatists, and have ceased 

 but still have conscientious objections to the taking of an oath. 



however, nery ptrm who hits i seientious objections to taking an 



oath, may be permitted to make a solemn :iHirmatiun in lieu i. 



the effect of which is the same as if the testimony were given 011 oath. 



(Common Law Procedure Act, 1854.) 



In the .-u'ssion of Parliament of 1833, a question arose ivs) H . i i 

 sufficiency of the allinnation of a Quaker, instead of the customary 

 oaths, on his taking his seat in the House of Commons. The subject 

 was referred to a committee, on whose report the House resolved that 

 the affirmation was admissible. This was more than once attempted to 

 be made a precedent fur permitting a Jew to take the oaths, without 

 adding the words " on the true faith of a Christian." I'ltim.ucly the 

 statute 21 & 22 Viet. c. 49, was pawed, to enable either II. 

 Parliament to dispense with these words. 



AF'FIX, a term in grammar, to which the name of mjK.r oloo is 

 sometimes given. It signifies a ri/llaUe attached to the end of a word 

 by which the form and signification of the word are altered. This will 

 be best explained by some examples from our own language. Tims in 

 the words malth-y, mii/lil ;/. l>nll--y, ami in iiml-ly, txitl-li/, &. 

 syllables y and li/ ore the affixes, which qualify the meanings of the 

 words to which they ore attached, and tit them for a new and did', i. nt 

 use ; aa ' This man loves ircnlth : ' ' That is a maltlii/ merchant.' Verbs 

 are in this way made from adjectives, . from the adjectives n/mr/i. 

 i)ii!rt, Iliifl; we hiiv nt, ili'ni-t respectively; and adjec- 



tives and adveil* from nouns, as in the examples just given. I 

 which marks our |>osaemive case, U an affix, having originally been a 

 distinct syllable, as we see from our old books in such expressions as 



