w 



ALCORAN. 



ALE. 



which bodies it stands in the same relation as vinic alcohol t.. 

 acetic aldrhyde and acetic acid. Allylic alcohol yield* an ether the 



oxide of allyl (p|| } O,, and series of ethereal compounds : in fa. t. 



in it* chemical relations, it bean the closest analogy to vinic alcohol 



A third series of alcohol* containing the radical* of the formula 

 (Cn H(n i) ), is represented by ph.-nylic alcohol, or carbolic acid as it 



U frequently termed, which has the formula Cl<I j|}o,. [PHENYI. 



BsVBsV] 



A fourth series, discovered by M. Canixxaro, have the same general 

 formula as the last, but are only isomeric, and not identical or homo- 

 logons with the third series. The only alcohols at present known 

 belonging to this series are the following : 



Bnuole alcohol C "" r } O,. Ctunlnlc alcohol C ' "' J O,. 



All the alcohol* belonging to the four series above described contain 

 vnialomif radicals, that is, radicals representing or replacing one atom 

 of hydrogen in a double atom of water; recent researches however 

 have demonstrated the existence of other clnsnnn of alcohols, containing 

 biatcnnir and leratomie radicals, replacing respectively two and three 

 atoms of hydrogen in as many double atoms of water. Olycol (C 4 H ( 

 O,l is an example of a biatomic, and glycerin (C.H. O,) one of a 

 te'ratomic alcohol. The following formula! exhibit the relations of these 

 three families of alcohols to each other and to water : 



WnU-r Tjrpc*. 

 Vinic alcohol l c .g> } O, J| 



Gloria ..< C Sf }0 ..... %}<>.. 



ALCORAN, or ALKORAN. 



ALCOVE. This term U found in most of the modem Baropean 

 language*, and is similarly applied throughout to .1 recess in a room 

 intended for a bed, or in "which a bed may l>e placed. It is not how- 

 ever necessarily restricted to this meaning; and in England, where 

 Mich recesses are not so common in bed-chambers as they are in some 

 other countries, and particularly in Spain and France, alcove is applied 

 to a Jmilar recoiw in a room of any kind, and yet more commonly to an 

 ornamental covered garden-seat. 



The term is originally from the Arabic language, in which it means, 

 simply, the cave or recess ; and it passed into the other European lan- 

 guages through the Spanish, which acquired it during the occult inn 

 a part of Spain by the Arabs. 



ALDE'BARAN, the Arabic name of a large and bright star of the 

 first magnitude, called in modern catalogues a Tuari. situated in the 

 eye of the constellation Taunts, whence it is called also by the Arabs 

 Ai al Thaur, the bull's-eye. It is the bright star in the group ot' 

 five, known by the name of the HYADKS, on which account it is 

 railed by Ptolemy, 4 Aoiiirp&t -ran "tiXay. Its light is rather reddish, 

 and of late years it has become remarkable as having been frequently 

 occulted by the moon, and having exhibited the curious phenomenon 

 of projection on the moon's disc. [OCCULTATION.] It is easily found 

 in the heavens by the following directions : If a line be drawn through 

 the three conspicuous stars forming the belt of Orion, Ivvanlt the head, 

 it punsnii just below Aldebaran and the Hyades ; if tnminl* tltt feet, it 

 passes through Sinus, which is about the same distance from the belt 

 an Aldebaran. This is shown in the following diagram : 



;A 

 A1 <Maran. . *.' \ 



BtUlftnx. 



ftlriu, 



We subjoin the right ascension and declination of Aldehnran at the 

 beginning of the yean 1800 and 1869. Tli- difference i* owing to the 

 precession of the equinoxes, as this star lias no perceptible proper 

 motion. 



Du. 

 1800. 

 1869. 



Right AwensUm. 

 4 . 2- 24" 

 1 27 50 



North Declination. 

 16 5' 52" 

 It) 13 20 



Annual motion in right ascension 

 declination 



8" -4841 

 7 -673 



ALDEHYDE. j 

 ALDEHYDE-AMMONIA. 



[OTHTI., HrrminK gr.l 



[OTHTI . HYDRIDE or.] 



ALDEHYDIC ACID, AtHov Ari.l (HO. C.H.0,1 An acid eoav 

 l>und. snpi-o-c.l t.. W formed win n aldehyde i heated in contort with 

 >-.il\iti,nin of the salts of silver. Its existence as a distinct acid i- 

 ever very questionable. 



ALDERMAN. This word i* from the Anglo-Saxon eaUorma* or 

 tnltiarna*. The term ealtlorma* is composed of taldor, originally tln> 

 comparative degree of the adjective mlil c old'), and man : l.u't tin- 

 word ealdor was also used as a substantive, and as such was nearly 

 synonymous with tin- "M Knglish term Mef, so often met with in our 

 v. !-:.. n of ili.- I'.il.lc In a philological sense, the terms ealdor and 

 rn/tfurstdN were equivalent; but in politico) acceptation they differ, the 

 former being more general, and, when used to express a specific degree, 

 commonly denoting one lower than ealdonnan. In both terms the 

 notion of some high office, u well a* that of rank or dignity, seems to 

 lie inherent ; l.ut ealdorman, at the name time, expressed a definite 

 degree of hereditary rank or nobility which ealdor does not so neces- 

 sarily imply. Princes, earls, governors of provinces, and other persona 

 of distinction, were generally termed Aldermen by the Anglo-Saxons. 

 This word was also applied to certain officers in particular ; thus, tin -i 

 was an Alderman of all England (AltlermaHMut Mint Aw/Ha 

 nature of whose office Spehnan says " he cannot divine, unW 

 responded to the office of Chief Justiciary " in later times. Tin ; 



king's Alderman (Aldermannm Jteyit), supposed to have been an 

 occasional judge, with a commission to administer justice in pan 



: it is possible however that his duties may have resembled 

 those exercised by the king's sergeant in the time of Bra. -ton, wh.-n 

 there are traces of the existence of an officer so call.-.!. a[.|>.in> 

 each county, and whose duty it was to pnuvuti- pica* of tin- 

 Besides these, there were aldermen of cities, boroughs, and castles, and 

 aldermen of hundreds, upon whose particular functions it would now 

 be useless to speculate. 



In modern times, aldermen are Individual! invested with certain 

 privileges and duties in municipal corporations, either as r-ivil magis- 

 trates themselves, or as associates to the chief civil magistrate of Midi 

 corporations. 



In the municipal boroughs of England and Wales, remodelled by 

 540 Win. IV. c. 76, the resident burgesses elect i-.iuucillors. The 

 councillors hold office for three years, and one-third of titeir number 

 go out annually. The aldermen arc elected by the council from it* 

 own number for six years, and one-half go out every three years. 

 One-fourth of the municipal council consist* of aldermen and three- 

 fourths of councillors. (Blacks!. Coiiiin.,' Mr. Kerr's ed. vol. i. 

 ].|.. .-.-:!, 525.) 



In the OOrpontion of London, which i not affected by the 5 4 C 

 Win. IV. c. 7'i, the Court of Aldermen consists of 2ti a].], 

 including the lord mayor : 25 are elected for lite by Mich freemen as 

 are householders of the 25 wards; the 26th alderman, who belongs to 

 the dependency of Southwark or Bridge- Without, is not elected at all. 

 but when the office is vacant the other aldermen have in seniority the 

 option of taking it. The alderman who does take it holds it for life, 

 and thereby creates a vacancy as to the ward for which lie formerly 

 sat. The Court of Aldermen' possess the privilege of rejecting, with- 

 out reason assigned, any person chosen for alderman by the el. 

 and, after three such rejections, of appointing to the vacancy. The 

 lord mayor is appointed from such of the aldermen as have served tin- 

 office of sheriff The aldermen are the magistrates for the city i 

 London, and judges e.e of do of the Central Criminal Court. They 

 possess various kinds of authority, both of a judicial and legislative 

 nature, in the affairs of the corporation. 



ALE. The difference between ale and l>eer is not very distinctly 

 marked. In l.on.loii, ale is generally a more costly beverage than 

 beer ; whereas in country districts the name of beer is often reserved 

 for the better and stronger kinds of malt liquor. In mild or new ale. 

 there is generally a larger amount of saccharine matter and mucilage 

 than in beer, porter, or stout ; but in old ale the fermentation has been 

 carried to a greater extent, and the sweetness nearly or wholly dis- 

 appears. The differences observable in ale dcjwnd ii]m the j.io; 

 between the malt and hops, the degree to which the malting has been - 

 carried, the quality of the water employed, the heat of the ^ 

 mashing, the temperature at wlu'ch the fermentation is conducted, and 

 the extent to which that process is carried. Nearly every county has 

 its own peculiar ale, known from others by qualities depending on 

 one or more of the above circumstances; but the mode of ]>n ]arin>; 

 It seems to have a greater inllinn , thing else on the 



quality obtained. 



Mr. Cooley, in his ' Cyclopaxlia of Practical Receipt*,' describe., tin- 

 operations for producing those kinds of ale known l>y the names of 

 pie. Bavarian, Burton, Dorchester, Edinburgh, Essex. London. 

 Nottingham. \Vcl-h, Windsor, and Yorkshire ales ; with thsinroportim 

 of ingredient* employed, and the kinds of malt and In.p* wl.-et.-d. 



instances have recently attracted attention t.. the <|iiality of 

 Burton alo ; and the brewers of that town, in answer to the ntt. 

 and queries on the subject, have unanimously asserted that no substances 

 whatever are used in the production of that celebrated beverage 

 malt, hops, and water; the goodness of the materials ami tin- skilful 

 conduct of the processes being the only ' secrets ' in the 

 Towards the close of 1868 there was commenced, at Burtnn-on-Trent, 

 the construction of one of the Urgent In. <i i. in Kngland. ,-o|,.|y i,,i the 



