Sll 



ALIMKXT. 



ALIQUOT PART. 



acriptiun, Ac, The burger-recht may give an alien all the municipal 

 right* of cituu-n in town, while, u respects the StaaUburgvr-reclit, 

 which nuke* him a citizen of the state, he may still be an alien. 



In Hiuiuvor naturalisation i acquired in one or other of the follow- 

 ing ways : by marriage of a foreign woman with a Hanoverian sul.j.vt ; 

 by the adoption by a Hanoverian of a foreigner on his ehiM : l.\ 

 liol.liiix any office lu'vlcr the government; by becoming a ineml>er of a 

 commune ; by the purchase of a rwidence or freehold in any commune ; 

 by the authority of the State, independently of the will of the 

 commune ; and by a residence of five consecutive yean in any commune 

 with the express approbation of the bailiff or mayor the conditions in 

 the two Uet eases being the imsssssinn of sufficient mean* of subsistence 

 . . , ' , . 



In Aiutria a residence of ten yean is sufficient in all case* to obtain 

 naturalisation. Whoever holds any office, either ,-ivil or military, 

 under the crown, u thereby naturalised. MerchanU or manufoctiireni 

 who come to settle in the country with their families can obtain natu- 

 ralisation at once, if they are of good reputation and not in needy 

 circumstances. Naturalisation confers, without any exception, all the 

 rights and privileges of natural-born subjects. 



The Act of the Oerman Confederation, Art 18, gives to every Ger- 

 man the right of holding civil and military offices in the different 

 states of the Confederation. 



In Denmark, every foreigner who settles there with the intention 

 of remaining, and who owns land of the value of 30,000 crowns, m 

 houses in the towns of the value of 10,000 crowns, or a capital of 

 30,000 crowns in trade, acquires by that alone the right of .1 

 ing letters of naturalisation. Children born in Denmark of f.'ivvn 

 parents, and persons naturalised, are eligible to all public offices, with 

 one exception, which 'is this, a naturalised foreigner does not become 

 eligible as a deputy of the provincial States until he ha* resided for 

 live years in the European dominions of Denmark, and renounced his 

 foreign allegiance. 



In the Hanseatic towns naturalisation U acquired in the following 

 manner : In Lubeck and its territory, any person of respectability, 

 especially after a prolonged residence, is admitted as a citizen without 

 difficulty, on showing, if required, that he has sufficient means of 

 subsistence. Letters of naturalisation confer all the rights which 

 natural-born subjects enjoy. In Hamburg an alien cannot hold landed 

 property, but any persons taking up their bond-fide residence there 

 may obtain letters of naturalisation on payment of a moderate sum (a 

 few pounds, it is stated), upon which they enjoy .-ill the rights of 

 native citizens, with the exception of not being eligible to the order of 

 the liurgerschaft ; but the restrictions in this case apply only to age 

 and some other qualifications, which are equally applicable to native 

 citizens. No business can be transacted by foreigners until they have 

 obtained the privilege of citizenship, and become members of some 

 one of the guilds. Any foreigner may become a citizen by purchase. 

 Jews cannot become citizens. In Bremen an alien obtains the righto 

 of citizenship for a money payment, and by becoming a member of 

 a commune. In Frankfort naturalisation i obtained by gift for pub- 

 be services, by marriage, or by purchase, if the person desirous of 

 becoming a citizen can give satisfactory references as to character, 

 station, and property. 



In Sardinia the power of conferring naturalisation rests entirely 

 with the king, and is never refused on any bond fide application : 

 a naturalised person enjoys all the privileges of a natural-born 

 subject 



In Portugal an alien of not less than twenty-five years of age can 

 obtain letters of naturalisation after two years' residence, and 

 provided he has the means of subsistence. The two years' resi- 

 dence is dispensed with if the alien has married a Portuguese 

 woman ; or has opened or improved a public road ; embarked 

 money in trade ; improved any branch of arts ; introduced any new 

 trade or manufacture ; or otherwise performed some service of public 

 utility. 



In Belgium an alien cannot purchase or hold land. There are two 

 kinds of naturalisation, the petite naturalisation and the grande natu- 

 ralisation. The first gives the alien some advantages, as the right to 

 sue, Ac. ; and the second, which m an act of the legislature, confers 

 political privileges, in addition. 



In Switzerland naturalisation iu conferred in some cantons by tln< 

 legislature, and in others by the executive. In Tessin a naturalised 

 foreigner can only enjoy the full rights of citizenship after five yean 

 have elapsed from the date of his naturalisation. In Tburgau no one 

 can bold any office under the government unless he has been a bur- 

 gess of the canton at least five years. In Berne, Zurich, Vaud, Oeueva, 

 and most of the cantons, on -alien obtains the full citizenship from the 

 date of his naturalisation. 



In Russia no foreigner, who does not become a " perpetual subject," 

 can enjoy the rights and privileges attached to the guild of merchants. 

 The commercial righu belonging to merchants are enjoyed in their 

 character as guests, or as itinerant merchants. A foreigner who im- 

 ports goods must sell them to Russians only. 

 ALIMENT. [ALIMOKT.] 



ALIMONY, from the Latin oA'mnai'vm or alimonia, signifying " main 

 tensnce," or " support" By the law of England, a wife is presumed to 

 have surrendered the whole of her property to her husband upon 



narriage, and consequently to be entirely dependent uiHin him for her 

 uture maintenance. l'|>on this principle it is considered reasonable 

 .hat if a M-|Kimtiou is decreed, the wife should have a portion of her 

 I's estate allotted for her subsistence; and this allowance is 

 erni.-d in law " alimony." The right of the wife to this pr 

 lepcnds upon the fact whether she has or has not sufficient means, 

 u.i, j-. n.l.-ntU of her husband, to support her in her appropriate 

 itation in life. Where the wife has a sufficient income bey on. I tin- 

 lusband's control, she is not entitled to alimony. 



Alimony, a* incidental to questions relative to or arising from mar- 

 riage, fell until recently under the exclusive cognisance of ,the eccleni- 

 antics! courts ; but the jurisdiction of these tribunals has now bean 

 transferred to the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes ; which 

 IK, however, directed to act on tin- principles of the ecclesiastical 

 courts in matrimonial causes. The giving of alimony is necessarily 

 n. icli-ntal to a decree of judicial separation or divorce, and may be 

 temporary or permanent While the proceedings in the suit are p.-nd- 

 ing, the court will, generally speaking, allot alimony to the wife during 

 In- continuance of the litigation. When a decree has been obtained, 

 a permanent provision will lie given to hrr. In Injth cases it is an 

 annual allowance proportionate to the estate of the husband. 



The amount of alimony depends wholly upon the discretion of the 

 court, equitably exercised with a view to the circumstances of each 

 (articular case. After a separation on account of the Im-K-imi 

 conduct, the wife is alimented as if she were living with him as his 

 wife. The court attends carefully to the nature <is well as to the 

 amount of the husband's means, drawing a distinction between sub- 

 stantial property and an income derived from ((crsonsl exertion. The 

 station in life of both parties, and the fortune brought l,\- t)- v. 

 also considered ; and much stress is laid upon the disposal of the .-l.il 

 dren and the expense of educating them. 



The conduct of the parties forms also a very material consideration. 

 Where the wife has 'eloped from her husband, or where a sentence of 

 divorce proceeds upon the ground of her adultery, alimony is not 

 granted. Adultery in a wife involves a forfeiture of her down 

 the same reason the adulteress shall not partake of the husband's 

 estate while living. 



In assigning alimony, it should be observed, that during the con- 

 tinuance of a suit it is always much less in amount than when perma- 

 nently decreed. Thus in the former case the proportion usually 

 allowed is one-fifth of the net income of the husband ; in the 1 

 moiety of the whole income is not (infrequently given. No p 

 rule can, however, be laid down upon this subject, oa the amount 

 L'untiil must always depend upon the infinitely varied combinations of 

 facts brought before the court. 



The assignment of alimony during the continuance of a suit does 

 not discharge the husband from liability for his wife's contracts. 

 When the court has allotted her a permanent maintenance, the wife 

 is liable for her own contracts, and the husband is discharged fr.,ni 

 them. 



The equivalent in Scottish law for alimony, is Alimrnt. A wife is 

 entitled to aliment when deserted by her husband, when judicially 

 separated from him, and during a suit for a divorce whether at her own 

 or at his instance, the aliment in this last case including what may be 

 necessary for the expenses of the defence. She bos no right to aliment 

 in the case of a voluntary contract of separation. 



ALIQUOT PART. One number or fraction is said to be an aliquot 

 port of a second number or fraction, when the first is a 

 exact number of times in the second. Thus, 6, 8, 4, 2, 1J, !, J, Ac., are 

 all aliquot parts of twelve, being contained in it respectively 2, 4, 8, 6, 

 8, 28, 96, Ac. times. The word is principally used in the arithmetical 

 rule called practice, and the convenience of using it is as follows : If 

 we want to know how much 30} yards cost at U 15*. M. a yar.1, t In- 

 direct process of common arithmetic would be to turn 30} yards into 

 half yards, giving 61, and II. 15t. 6rf. into sixpences, giving 71. Then 

 multiplying 61 by 71, and dividing the product by 2, we hn\ 

 number of sixpences which 80} yards cost, which must then be reduced 

 into pounds, shillings, and pence. But if we observe that, 1 /. 1 

 is made up of IL, 10. the half of one pound, 5*. the half of lc 

 (Jil. the tenth of fit., we con proceed as follows : 



. 



s. d. 



30} yards at 100 per yard, cost 80 10 



10 

 050 

 006 



1 15 6 



15 5 



7 i-.' i; 



15 8 



64 2 9 



in which each line is derived fn.i.i tin- pie, -ulin^ l.j simple division, on 

 the obvious principle that at M. a yard we give the tenth port of what 

 we give at 6*. a yard, and so on. 



The object therefore is, to be ready in dividing a sum of shillings 

 and pence into parta, each of which shall be the aliquot part of a i 

 or of one of the preceding parts. The following table contains the 

 simple aliquot parts of a pound, arranged so that the aliquot part of an 

 aliquot part shall be visible on inspection. Figures written by them- 

 selves are shillings, and the semicolons separate shillings from i 



