277 



AMIDES. 



AMMON. 



278 



AMIDES. A class of chemical compounds derived from ammonia, 

 by the replacement of one of its atoms of hydrogen by another body, 

 either simple or compound : thus, amide of potassium, or potassium 

 amide, and acetamide may serve to illustrate this class of substances, 

 and their relations to ammonia may be seen from the following com- 

 parison of their formula;. 



Ammonia. 



Potassiumamide. 



( K 



N; H 

 H 



Acetamide. 

 j C 4 H 3 O a 

 H 

 H 



The inorganic amides, like potassium amide, are not numerous, but 

 amongst organic compounds there is a large and important family of 

 amides, of which acetamide (othylamide) may be regarded as a type. 

 To these latter, Gerhardt has recently added two other classes of 

 bodies, in which respectively two and three equivalents of hydrogen 

 are replaced by a negative organic radical lite othyl. These three 

 descriptions of amides he terms primary, secondary and tertiary 

 amides. Their relations to each other may be seen by the following 

 formula; : 



Primary Amide. 



( C,H,0 S 

 N{ II 



Secondary Amide. 



( 



Acetamide. 



Tertiary Amide. 



( C,H,0, 

 N C.H 3 0., 



( c t u,o, 



Triacetamide. 



In the above amides, each single equivalent of hydrogen is replaced 

 by a single equivalent of a unlatomic negative radical, but sometimes 

 two equivalents of hydrogen in a double equivalent of ammonia are 

 replaced by a ft/atomic radical, giving rise to what is termed a tllamide. 

 Thus oxamide is a compound of this description : 



Oxamide . 



. N, 



c.o, 



H 5 

 H, 



A Iriamide is formed when a triatumic radical replaces three 

 equivalents of hydrogen in a triple molecule of ammonia. Thus 

 critramide is a triamide, and has the formula 



H, 

 H, 



The dianwlex and triamides have also representatives amongst the 

 lary and tertiary amides, but for a complete description of these 

 and more complex amides the reader is referred to ' TraitxS dc Chimie 

 Organique, par M. Gerhardt.' 



Sometimes one of the remaining equivalents of hydrogen in a 

 primary amide, is replaced by a positive radical, forming an aka 

 The acetanilidc for instance is an alcalainide : 



(C.,11, 

 N j C.11,0., 



The most important group of amides is that consisting of the 

 primary organic amides. They are produced : 1st, by the abstraction 

 <>f a double equivalent of water from the ammonia salts of the mono- 

 basic organic acids ; thus, 



C, 

 NH 



H n 1 4 C,Hj0 3 ii \ 



I ' ')' =H | g + "}"< 



Acctamide. 



Water. 



2nd. By the action of the chlorides of the negative radicals ui>ou 

 ammonia : 



1 C 4 H 3 O a . 



H + . 5 

 H 



Chloride of Ammonia. Acctamide. Hydrochloric 



Othyl or Acetyl. Acid. 



3rd. By the action of ammonia upon the ethereal salts of the mono- 

 Tganic acids ; for example, 



( H ( C,11 3 0, . 



.}0 1 + N JU = N J + C.H.| 0i 



Acetic Ether. Ammonia. Acctamide. 



Alcohol. 



The primary amides are, with few exceptions, either sparingly 

 soluble, or insoluble in water, and generally volatile without decom- 

 position. By ebullition with water, most of them re-assume its 

 elements, and become converted into ammonia salts, by the converse of 

 the first reaction given above for their formation. This decomposition 

 is greatly facilitated by the presence of free acid or alkali. The 



primary amides possess neither acid nor alkaline qualities, the secondary 

 amides generally redden litmus paper, and frequently form salts. 



The following is a list of some of the most important amides with 

 their formulae : 



PRIMARY AMIDKS. 



Acetamide 

 Propionylamide 

 Butyramidc - . 

 Valeramide . 

 Benzamide 

 Salicylamide . 

 Aeetanilide, or 

 Phenylacetamide 



) 



N(C 4 H 3 0,)H., 



N(C,H 5 0. 1 )H,. 



N(C 9 H 7 0,)n 



N(C 10 H 9 2 )li.. 



N{C 14 H 5 O n )H, 



N(C M H 5 0.)H, 



N(C 4 H 3 0.,) (C 1: H C )H 



PRIMARY DIAMIDES. 



. N,(C 4 4 )"H 4 



Oxamide N S (C 4 O 4 )"1I, 



Succinamide .... N n (C 8 H 4 O 4 )"H 4 



Suberamide NjfCuH, ,O 4 )"II 4 



Asparngin .... N t (C 8 H 4 O,)"H 4 



FlITnflramirlft . f . . N (C il.lt )"H 



. . 1 K^O,ir 4 0.)"H. 



Asparngin 



Fumaramide 



Tartramide 



For the modes of producing the inorganic amides, see POTASSIUM- 

 AMIDE, and ZINCAMIDE. 



AMIENS, TREATY OF. [TREATIES, CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF.] 



AMINES. [ORGANIC BASES.] 



AMISATINE (C M H 39 N u lt ), a crystalline body of no interest, ob- 

 tained from indigo. 



AMMELIDE (C,N 4 H 4 4 = NCyH 2 , 2CyHO a ), a chemical compi'unil 

 obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid upon 

 arnrneline or inelam. 



2NCyH 2 , CyH0 2 + 2HO = NCyH,, 2CyHO 2 + NH 3 . 

 Ammelino. Ammclide. Ammoniu. 



3NCyH, + 4HO = NCyH,, 2CyHO, + 2NU 3 . 

 Melam. 



Ammelide. 



Ammoniu. 



Ammelide is a white powder, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and 

 acetic acid, but soluble in warm solution of ammonia. It is also soluble 

 in sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, and when these latter 

 solutions are boiled, the ammelide is transformed into cyanuric acid 

 and ammonia. Ammelide possesses neither acid nor alkaline properties 

 in a marked degree, nevertheless it forms a compound with silver, which 

 has the formula C,N 4 H,AgO . 



AMMELINE(C H 8 N.O J = 2NCyH. !( CyHO s ),abody produced by 

 the action of acids or alkalies upon melam or melauiine : The following 

 is the reaction : 



SNCj-Hj + 2HO = 2NCyIl 4 , CyHO., + NH 3 . 

 Ammelinc. 



It is a brilliant white crystalline body, insoluble in water, alcohol, 

 and ether, but soluble in several acids and in solutions of the caustic 

 alkalies. It possesses feeble alkaline properties, uniting with most 

 acids and forming crystallisable salts, which are, however, partially 

 decomposed by water. 



AMMON, or AMUN, or AMN RA, the name of an Egyptian deity, 

 whom the Greeks considered as synonymous with their Zeus (Jupiter). 

 He is often represented on the monuments of Egypt and in other 

 works of Egyptian art with a ram's head and a human body ; about 

 which Herodotus (ii., 42) tells the following odd story, picked up 

 during his travels in Egypt : " Hercules was exceedingly anxious to 

 have a sight o Zeus, but Zeus did not feel inclined to show himself. 

 At last, when Hercules was very importunate, Zeus hit on the fol- 

 lowing contrivance : he flayed a ram, and cutting off the head put it 

 before his face ; he then got into the skin, and in this guise showed 

 himself to Hercules. From this circumstance the Egyptians repre- 

 sent the image of Zeus with a ram's head." 



The god Ammon appears in the human form with a tesher, or tall 

 red cylindrical cap on his head, surmounted with two plumes. Also, 

 under the figure of a crio-sphinx or ram-sphinx, which is an animal 

 with a ram's head and the body of a beast of prey of the feline 

 species. (' Egyptian Antiquities,' vol. i., in the 'Library of Entertain- 

 ing Knowledge,' and the drawings in the French work on Egypt, 

 ' Antiquities,' torn, iii., pi. 32.) 



The word Ammon, or Amun, is probably connected with the Coptic 

 word signifying ' to feed' sheep. (' Coptic Testament,' John xxi. 15; 

 &c. ) Ammon would thus be the god of a nomadic race, and originally a 

 pastoral deity. Several other derivations, with the traditions on which 

 they rest, agree in representing Ammon as a guide and protector, 

 bearing the same relation to mankind as a ram to the flock. 



The worship of Ammon seems to have been specially of Ethiopian 

 origin, and its chief place to have been Merbe. Its introduction into 

 Egypt was annually celebrated for twelve days at Thebes, when the 

 image was carried across the Nile, and after an interval brought back, 



