305 



ANA'BASIS. 



ANAESTHETICS. 



306 



to save the doctrine, to declare that certain things which had hitherto 

 been deemed contrary to the divine law, were not so at all, but in 

 reality either indifferent or meritorious. It does not appear that they 

 are accused of having gone quite to the extreme to which the principle 

 in question has sometimes led, of maintaining generally that the belief 

 of the sinner sanctified or neutralised his sin, or, in other words, that 

 an act which would have been sinful in another became divested of its 

 sinful character when committed by a believer. If all that is stated of 

 them be true, indeed, they were under no necessity to resort to this 

 device in order to give a loose to their inclinations, having put down 

 in their list of universally permissible indulgences most of those things 

 to which there is any violent disposition in the multitude of mankind. 

 They condemned, for instance, with great severity, all ornamental 

 attire, and some even went the length of objecting to clothing altoge- 

 ther. Boccoldt himself, in one of his fits of exaltation, solemnly 

 promenaded the streets of Munster, stark naked. The love of dress, 

 they said, was an artificial vanity, and as such hateful to God. But 

 whatever, on the other hand, they held to be natural, they looked upon 

 as harmless or commendable. Boccoldt is stated to have urged upon his 

 followers, as in the highest degree conducive to their spiritual welfare, 

 the practice of a liberal polygamy, and to have illustrated and enforced 

 his doctrine by taking to himself no fewer than fourteen wives. 



For a long time after the events which have been related, it was 

 dangerous in Germany and other parts of the continent to profess an 

 adherence to the doctrine of adult baptism ; those who held that tenet 

 being all most absurdly classed as belonging to the sect of the Ana- 

 baptists of Miinster. It has been commonly said, that to avoid the per- 

 secution to which they were subjected, the remains of these fanatics 

 in course of time adopted various new denominations, some congrega- 

 ti< .us calling themselves Mennonites, after an eminent leader of the sect, 

 others Waterlandians, from the place of their principal church, others 

 Baptists, &c. But there is really no proof that any of the communi- 

 ties bearing these names had, in their origin, any connection whatever 

 with the Miinster insurgents. For further information on the subject 

 of the Munster Anabaptists, the reader may be directed to Mosheim's 

 ' Ecclesiastical History,' century xvi. section iii., part ii., chapter iii. 

 and century xvii., section ii., part ii., chapter v., where he will find the 

 subject treated with great learning, though not in a spirit of much 

 liberality or candour. The principal works relating to the Anabap- 

 tists are all referred to in that dissertation. 



ANA'BASIS, the title of a Greek work, in seven books by Xenc- 

 phon of Athens, which describes the circumstances of an expedition 

 undertaken by the younger Cyrus, B.C. 401, against his brother, 

 Artaxerxes, king of Persia. The expedition is remarkable as being the 

 first long march of which we possess a detailed account, and also the 

 oldest extant document which gave to Europeans any tolerably precise 

 notion of the country watered by the Upper Tigris and Euphrates. 



The army of Cyrus contained a large body of Greek mercenaries, 

 among whom Xenophon, at first, held no military rank : he went 

 apparently as a mere spectator, and only took command after the 

 death of most of the generals. Cyrus set out from Sardes (now Sart), 

 38 34' N. lat., 28" E. long., and marched through Asia Minor to the 

 passes in Mount Taunts, that lead into Cilicia. He next passed 

 through Tarsus, along the Gulf of Scanderoon, and through the north 

 part of Syria to the Euphrates, which he crossed at Thapsacus, about 

 35 14' N. lat. He then marched S.E. through Mesopotamia, crossing 

 the Araxes (the Khabour) ; and finally lost his life in an engagement 

 with his brother on the plains of Cunaxa (the site of which is un- 

 known), about forty miles from Babylon (now Hillah), 32' 28' N. lat., 

 44 14' E. long. 



From this point commenced the retreat, commonly known as the 

 " Retreat of the Ten Thousand." Instead of returning by the way 

 which they came, it was determined to reach some of the Greek colonies 

 on the Black Sea. Accordingly they crossed the Tigris, and advancing 

 along the east bank of this river up the stream, they crossed in suc- 

 cession the Diala and other tributaries of the Tigris. They followed 

 the course of this river, till they were stopped about 37" 20' N. lat. by 

 the mountains pressing close on the river, and allowing no passage 

 along its banks. They then crossed the mountains, and advanced pro- 

 bably nearly due north, but their course from this jint is very 

 uncertain. It is probable that the army passed to the west of Lake 

 Van. .mil in its progress it must have crossed the Morad, or Eastern 

 Euphrates, and that branch of the Araxes which is now the Faz, and is 

 called by Xenophon the Phasis. After enduring much hardship from 

 snow, want of food and clothing, and the opposition of the native 

 the army at last reached Trapezus, now Trebizoud, on the Black 

 B 41 2' N. lat., 39 28|' E. long. From Tra]zus the army 

 mareh*d along the coast westwards for about 100 miles (direct dis- 

 tance) to Cotyora. 



The narrative of Xenophon contains a statement of the army's 

 marches, with some few omissions, expressed in Persian parasangs, at 

 the rate of thirty stadia to a parasang. The following are the distances 

 given by him in round numbers : 



From Ephesna to Cnnaxa . . 

 From Cunaxa to Cotyora (eight month*) 



ARTS AND SCI. DrV. VOL. I. 



Stadia. 

 16,050 

 18,600 



34,050 



Xenophon adds the march of the Greek auxiliaries from Ephesus to 

 Sardes (about fifty miles) to the distance from Sardes to Cunaxa. 



The march may be considered as having terminated at Cotyora, as 

 the army sailed from this place to Sinope, now Sinub : their troubles, 

 however, continued till they reached Byzantium, now Constantinople, 

 and even beyond that point. 



If we take the stadia of Xenophon at the rate of ten to a mile, 

 an estimate which is above the truth, we find the whole distance 

 marched to be 3465 English miles, which was accomplished in fifteen 

 months, and a large part of it through an unknown mountainous and 

 hostile country, and in an inclement season. The reader will find the 

 expedition of the younger Cyrus discussed in the work of Major 

 Rennel, and the various difficulties that occur in the narrative of 

 Xeuophon explained, as far as means of information will allow, with the 

 Major's usual good sense and sagacity. [XENOPHON, in Bioo. Drv.] 



A nabasis is also the name given by Arriau, who was in all things an 

 imitator of Xenophou, to his work, in seven books, in which he de- 

 scribes the campaigns of Alexander the Great. [ARRIAN, in the 

 Division of BIOGRAPHY.] 



ANACARDIC ACID. (C 4 ,H 32 0, ?) A white crystalline aromatic 

 acid contained in the shell of the acajou nut. 



ANAEMIA, a diseased condition of the human body, in which is 

 implied either a morbid condition of the blood, or a relative diminu- 

 tion of some of its most important constituents. This disease is also 

 called olii/nueemia and- Sj>ancemia, terms which, like anaemia, express a 

 deficiency or paucity of the constituents of the blood. This state of the 

 system is generally indicated by the excessive paleness of the face and 

 the whole surface of the body. The lips are pale. The conjunctiva is 

 of an unnatural white, having a pearly lustre. The veins on the 

 surface are small, blue, and collapsed. These general symptoms are 

 frequently attended with derangements of the nervous system. There 

 is frequently violent pain in the head, and not unfrequently disordered 

 sensation, as singing in the ears and flashings before the eyes. The 

 whole surface of the body is frequently preternaturally tender, the 

 slightest touch causing the patient to start. The course of the spine 

 is often excessively tender, leading to the supposition that there is 

 spinal irritation. The circulating system is deranged; palpitations of 

 the heart come on after slight exertion. The pulse is mostly small, 

 feeble, and quick, excited to rapid action on slight exertions. The 

 breathing is quickened by exertion, and there is generally lassitude and 

 inability to take much exercise. This disease is accompanied with 

 disturbances of the circulating system, which may be detected by 

 means of the stethoscope. These are heard in the heart, arteries, and 

 veins. The sound heard in the heart is a " bellows " murmur of 

 varying intensity, and is heard most distinctly at the apex. This 

 sound is not present in all cases of anaemia, nor is its occurrence 

 diagnostic of amcniia ; but it is very important to know that it may be 

 entirely dependent on the amemic condition, and removed with it. The 

 arterial murmurs are not frequently heard ; they are synchronous 

 with the beat of the pulse, and when present may even be recognised 

 by the character of the pulse. The venous murmurs are much more 

 common. They are continuous, and produce various buzzing, hum- 

 ming, musical, and singing murmurs. " They are most frequently 

 heard on the right side of the neck, at the junction of the external and 

 internal jugular vein." (Aitken.) 



The venous murmurs are seldom absent to a greater or less extent in 

 anaemia. 



When the blood of anaemic persons is examined under the micro- 

 scope a deficiency of blood globules is observed. Andral records a 

 case in which there were but 30 parts of blood globules in 1000 of 

 blood. The other constituents of the blood, as far as observations at 

 present go, seem to suffer little alteration. 



The causes of anaemia are anything acting on the system by which 

 the quantity of blood is diminished or the healthy development of the 

 blood cells prevented. Thus, amongst the causes of this disease we 

 may reckon : 1. Want of food. 2. Want of proper food. 3. Indiges- 

 tion or imperfect nutrition, from whatever cause. 4. Derangement of 

 the liver, spleen, tc. 5. Hjcmorrhages, as from hicmorrhoids, the 

 stomach, lungs, wounds, &c. 6. All extensive discharges from wounds, 

 ulcers, or mucous surfaces. 



A knowledge of the causes of anaemia at once suggests its treatment. 

 Where it depends on a want of food altogether, or of proper food, then 

 food of a proper kind must be supplied. Where improper food, as 

 alcohol, produces imperfect assimilation, it must be withdrawn. Defi- 

 cient nutritionary changes often come on as the result of impure air, 

 and change from an impure to a pure air often acts most beneficially. 

 In certain cases dependent on imperfect blood-cell formation great 

 benefit result.-, from the administration of iron. Cases are recorded in 

 which, under an iron treatment, the blood-cells have increased from 32 

 to 95 in 1000. Other tonics may also be administered with advantage. 

 In cases of antcmia in marshy districts quinine is of great service. 



ANAESTHETICS, is the term applied to those agents, which, on 

 being applied or administered to the human body, produce either a 

 local or general insensibility. Such agents act more especially on 

 certain parts of the nervous system, depriving it both of its power of 

 communicating and perceiving impressions made upon its sensitive 

 function. The state of anesthesia comes on in various forms of para- 

 lytic disease, and as such has been known and described by medical 



