s 



Id 



ANASTOMOSIS. 



ANATOMY ACT 



SJO 



4th. A part of the ink of any newly-printed book 0*0 be readily 

 erred by pressure to soy smooth surface beneath ; if, for 

 example, a corner of a newspaper be fixed un a white iheet of paper, 

 and thai pressed or rubbed with a pajier knife, the letten will be dis- 

 tinctly wen in reverse on the paper ; and indeed every one knowi that if 

 a book be bound too soon after the printing, the page* become disfigured 

 by the filial of or transfer of the ink upon the opposite pages. From 

 theae data the rulea for the process are deriveil. The printed [wper. 

 whether lettor-prea* or engraving, U firet moistened with dilute acid, 

 and then pressed with considerable force by a roller on a irfectly 

 I surface of id 



t of line ; by which means every part of the sheet of paper 

 U brought into contact with the plate of nine. The acid, with which 

 the imprinted part of the paper is saturated, tlrhet the metal, while 

 the printed portion *et* of on it, ao that the zinc surface presents a 

 of the work. The /inr plate, thus prepared, is washed 



with a weak solution of gum in weak phosphatic acid ; this liquid is 

 attracted by the etched surface, which it freely wets, while it is 

 repelled by the oil of the ink in which the writing or drawing on the 

 plate is traced. A leathern roller, covered with ink, is then passed 

 over the plate, when a converse effect ensues ; the repulsion between 

 the oil, ink, and watery surface over which the roller passes, prevents 

 any soiling of the unfigured partoof the zinc plate ; while the attraction 

 between oil and oil causes the ink to be distributed over the printed 

 portions. In this condition the anastatic plate is complete, and impres- 

 sions are pulled from it by the common lithographic process. When 

 it is required to apply the anastatic process to very old originals, which 

 do not set off their ink on pressure, the page or print is first soaked in 

 a solution of potash, and then in a solution of tartaric acid : by which 

 is produced a perfect diffusion of minute crystals of bi-tartrate of 

 potash through the texture of the unprinted part of the paper. As 

 this salt resists oil, the ink-roller may now be passed over the sur- 

 face without transferring any of its contents, except to the printed 

 parts. The tartrate is then washed out of the paper, and the ope- 

 ration U proceeded with as before, commencing with the moistening 

 by nitric acid. 



When these interesting details became publicly known, it was soon 

 ascertained that the so-called anastatic printing was little more than 

 an extension of processes known long before in England. Mr. Jobbins, 

 a lithographic printer, took copies of printed pages by a process ana- 

 logous to that of anastatic printing, as far back as the year 1840. 

 Mr. Cocks, of Fahnouth, writing to the 'Mechanics Magazine,' said, 

 " In the year 1886 I introduced a process for the transferring of 

 copper-plate engravings (by the old masters), as well as letter-press 

 printing, 4c., to stone, zinc, tin, pewter, type-metal, fusible-metal, 

 lead, copper, glass, &c., and had impressions taken from each ; but the 

 original subjects were destroyed by the chemical agents used. Since 

 tliat time I have succeeded in transferring prints and letter-press 

 without even soiling the originals, fixing the same on metal, wood, or 

 paper, and printing from the form any number of copies. The process 

 is ao faithful in its operation, that the finest line of the etching needle 

 is preserved." 



In 1848 Mr. Strickland and Mr. Delamotte instituted experiments 

 with a view to ascertain how far the anastatic process would be avail- 

 able as a substitute for lithography. They succeeded in transfer] ing 

 or printing from drawings made on paper with lithographic chalk ; 

 within an hour after the drawing was mode, a perfect anastatic fac- 

 iimile was produced, hardly to be distinguished from it. The chief 

 difficulty here seems to he the production of a kind of paper which 

 Khali possess a surface similar to lithographic stone. A mode has been 

 devised of imparting to India paper a clear sharp granular surface, 

 well fitted for the purpose as far as regards surface ; but it is almost too 

 tender in substance. Mr. Strickland found that metallic paper, used 

 for metallic pencils, had the required surface. For fine subject* copied 

 in this way, it is essential that the lithographic chalk be of a hard 

 quality, and cut to a fine point. 



. In 1853, a particular application of lithography was introduced into 

 England from Germany, where it had been ]iatented by M. Sigl. It 

 was a process of machine-printing in lithography, for cheap commer- 

 cial purposes rather than for matters of fine art. In pre|>ariug the 

 plates, a mode of transfer was adopted somewhat analogous to that 

 of anastatic printing. A reference to LITHOCHAPHY will, indeed, show 

 that this analogy extends much farther. 



An officer of the United States Survey department, devised a mode 

 of transfer, nearly allied in character to the above, for the printing 

 of maps and charts. An impression from an engraved copper-]ilate is 

 taken with ordinary ink, on a peculiar kind of paper coated with a 

 fatty substance; and it is then transferred to a lithographic stone, 

 which can be prepared and used in the customary way. 



Soon after the introduction of the anastatic process, much alarm 

 was expressed in the commercial world lest it should facilitate the 

 forgery of bank-notes, bank post-bills, cheques, bills of exchange, and 

 other monetary documents. The uneasiness appeared to be not wholly 

 groundless ; but the interval between 1841 and 1859 has passed over 

 without any serious realisation of the fears entertained. The transfer 

 of impression is remarkable ; but it could not escape the keen scrutiny 

 of persons accustomed to watch for fraud in written or printed 

 documents. 



ANASTOM'OSIS, from iri, throayh, and irrifut, a mouth, signifies 



the communication of blood-vessels with each other by the o) : 

 the one into the other. The blood-vessels are the tubes by hirli the 

 different parts of the body are supplied with nourishment. If the 

 blood-vessels destined to nourish a part be obstructed so that it cannot 

 receive a due supply of blood, that part must necessarily die, or, as it 



is technically termed, mortify. But the blood-vessels are soft < 



presxible tubes, liable, by ttUMUMnblt iron instances, to have their 

 sides brought so closely into contact as to prevent the flow of a single 

 jarticle of blood through them. In order to prevent the consequence* 

 th.it would result to the system from the operation of causes thus 

 tending to impede the circulation, provision in made for the freest 

 jiossihle communication between the main trunk* of the blood-vessels 

 and their branches, and between one branch and another. All the 

 arteries of the body spring from one great trunk (AORTA) which issues 

 from the heart, and which posses from the heart through the chest, 

 into the abdomen, where it divides into large branches which supply 

 the lower extremities. In this course this vessel gives off innumerable 

 branches, which supply different )jarts of the body, and these branches 

 form innumerable unions with other branches which proceed from the 

 main trunk of the artery. All the branches which form such com- 

 munications are called aa*tomminy branches, and this union of branch 

 with branch is termed atiattumosi*. Now so numerous are these 

 anastomosing branches, and so competent are they to carry on the 

 circulation, that if the main trunk of the aorta be tied in the abdomen, 

 or even in the chest, the lower extremities will receive a sufficient 

 supply of blood to maintain their vitality through these collateral or 

 anastomosing branches. The knowledge of this fact cn.: lj ! - t lie m< K!CI n 

 surgeon to perform with ease and safety operations which the surgeon 

 of former times would have pronounced impossible. Anastomosis is 

 of two kinds, that between large trunks, and that I ict \\cen small 

 branches. When the communication is direct between two large 

 trunks, there is no difficulty in conceiving that the circulation n.u 

 readily go on though one of the trunks be obstructed, because the 

 trunk which remains <>]>en may transmit a sufficient quantity of U.l 

 to nourish the part to which it is destined. But when a limb is siip- 

 plied by one large artery only, and when that is obstructed, li- 

 the limb receive a sufficient quantity of blood to support it ' Suppose 

 there is an obstacle to the free passage of the blond through it* usual 

 channel, namely, the main artery of the limb. What is the . 

 quence?- the blood is driven in greater quantity, and with greater 

 force into those branches which spring from the main artery above Un- 

 seat of the obstruction. These branches, in consequence of receiving 

 a greater influx of blood than usual, gradually enlarge in diameter, and 

 transmit through them a proportionally larger quantity of blood. At 

 the some time, the more minute branches, \\hioh uii.i*t->iiiMS<' nith the 

 branches given off below the obstruction, are in like manner dilated 

 and admit a correspondingly free passage of blood to the interim part 

 of the limb. At first the circulation is in this manner carried mi 

 through a congeries of minute auastomising arteries, but in a short 

 time a few of these channels become more enlarged than the rest : as 

 these increase in size, the smaller vessels gradually collapse, and thus 

 ultimately a few large communications constitute permanent channels 

 through which the blood is transmitted to the ports which it is destined 

 to supply. Such is the beautiful provision established in every pait 

 of the body to secure to it a due supply of blood, if any obstacle should 

 obstruct the course of this vital fluid through its accustomed channel 



ANA'THEMA, a Greek won!, properly signifying, a tiling set ajiart 

 and devoted. Among the Greeks a piece of armour or anything else 

 which was offered to the gods, and placed in a temple, was called an 

 im9r>fia (nnalli(ma), or offering. Tripods, votive tablets with ii 

 tions, such as may be seen in the Elgin coll, , ti..n of the I'.nti-h 

 Museum, belong to the class of anatliimata. But the dedication or 

 setting apart might be to the |x>wers of evil as well as to those of good, 

 or, according to Pagan notions, to the infernal as well as to the celestial 

 gods. Hence the word came, in one of its applications, to signify 

 much the same thing with the word accursed. It is thus that it is 

 principally used in the Old and New Testaments, where it ap)ioars. in 

 1 Corinthians xvi. 22, with the added form of the original maran -aih:i. 

 said to mean in Syriac, ' the Lord will come,' and is supposed to allude 

 to the third and principal excommunication among the Jews. In this 

 sense the form anathnna (ayafojua) was employee!, and not inmlhfma, 

 though both are really the .same word. In the decrees of popes and 

 councils, also, a common form of expression is, whosoever shall do, or 

 not do, or believe, or not believe, a particular act or dogma, ' let him 

 be anathema/ that is, let him be held excommunicated, separated from 

 the society of the faithful, and ln.mdcd with the curse of the church. 

 On the other hand, a heretic, when he renounced his errors and was 

 received into the bosom of the church, was accustomed to declare his 

 heresy 'anathema,' or a thing accursed. In English we more fre- 

 quently use the term anathema in the sense of the curse or severe 

 denunciation itself than for the object of the curse : as when we speak 

 of the church directing its anathema against any }>articular opinion. 



ANATOMY ACT. Before the passing of 2 t 3 Will. IV. c. 75, on 

 the 1st of August, 1832, the medical profession was placed in a situa- 

 tion both anomalous and discreditable to the intelligence of the country. 

 The law rendered it illegal for the medical practitioner or teacher of 

 anatomy to possess any human body for the purposes of dissection, 

 save that of murderers executed pursuant to the sentence of a court of 



