ANDROTJEDA. 



luble in inter, but noluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, to which it 

 impart* a fine carmine red colour. It it hence UMd for colouring hair- 

 oil, lu alcoholic solution is bleached by exposure to light 



ANCHUSIN. [AscHCtic ACID]. 



ANCHYLO'SIS, a Greek word (*pn(\i), signifying o beixiimy. If 

 the Greek orthography were strictly followed, the word would be written 

 antylttu. 



An essential part of the apparaUu of locomotion in animab consist* 

 of the structure termed a joint [JOINT.] Joints are so constructed 

 a* to produce various kind and degrees of motion, in the execution of 

 which it is necessary that the different parts constituting the joint 

 should be in close contact with each other. Organised living surfaces, 

 in close contact with each other, have n tendency to grow together ; 

 but such a union would at once destroy the action of a joint, and a 

 specific apparatus in provided for the express purpose of preventing 

 this event \Vhnt are termed articular surfaces, that is, the surfaces of 

 joints, are covered with a thin and delicate membrane which secretes a 

 peculiar fluid of an unctuous or oily nature, termed tynoria. ThU 

 synovia, the oil of joinU, is in general effectual in keeping separate and 

 distinct the different parts of the joint, however closely and for however 

 long a time they may be in contact with each other ; nevertheless, it 

 does occasionally happen that a firm and complete union takes place 

 between the different articular surfaces : when this occurs, it constitutes 

 what is technically termed anchylosis, or, in common language, a stiff 

 joint An anchylosis, or a stiff joint, consists then of the iminoveable 

 union of two bones naturally connected together in such a manner as 

 to form a moveable joint. All the moveable bones forming joint* may 

 become consolidated together, or anchylosed ; and cases are on record 

 of a general anchylosis of all the bones of the human body. Whatever 

 keeps a joint motionless for a long time together may give rise to anchy- 

 losis. Hence it is apt to occur after the fracture of a bone in the neigh- 

 bourhood of a joint ; because it is necessary to the cure of the fracture 

 that the limb should be fixed in one position, while the inflammation 

 occasioned by the violence that produces the fracture often spreads to 

 the joint, and it is one of the ordinary effects of inflammation to agglu- 

 tinate and consolidate the parts inflamed. Hence inflammation, sprains, 

 dislocation, shocks occasioned by leaping or falling on the feet from 

 great heights, ulcers, are the common causes of anchylosis. But anchy- 

 losis cannot always be considered in the light of a disease ; at any rate, 

 it is sometimes the happy termination of a formidable malady. The 

 natural cure of many painful and dangerous diseases of the joints is 

 the formation of an anchylosis. When an anchylosis is forming, and is 

 clearly inevitable, and is indeed a thing to be desired, the position in 

 which the limb is kept, or the position in which the bones are allowed 

 to unite, is a matter of great importance to the future comfort of the 

 individual. When, for example, from injury done to the hand, the 

 joints of the fingers are undergoing the process of anchylosis, it is very 

 important to keep the fingers bent, because, if they anchylose in that 

 position, the hand will be more useful than it could be were the fingers 

 permanently extended. On the contrary, when there is danger of 

 anchylosis of the knee-joint, the limb should be kept as straight as 

 possible, because, if the leg be extended, the limb will be more useful 

 than* if it were permanently bent. On the other hand, when anchylosis 

 of the elbow-joint cannot be prevented, the limb should be kept bent. 



The term anchylosis is also employed to denote a natural union of 

 bones. Thus, bones, or parts of bones, which are separate in the early 

 stages of their growth, and afterwards become united, are said to be 

 anchylosed. Also in the case of animals belonging to different divi- 

 sions of the animal kingdom, bones which remain separate in one class 

 through life, are found united in another class, and anchylosis is said 

 to have taken place. 



ANCIENT, ANCIENTS. The term audrui. which we derive from 

 the French word ancien, has the primary meaning of " very old," as 

 when we say "an ancient building," "an ancient family," implying 

 only that many generations have passed since they first came into 

 existence. But it is also used in a more limited sense, with reference 

 to a certain period in the existence of the human race : as when we 

 peak of ancient, as distinguished from modern, history ; of the ancient 

 classics, ancient literature, and generally, of the anrirntt. The boun- 

 dary line between ancient and modern in this latter sense is not very 

 accurately drawn ; but according to the common acceptation of the 

 term*, the period of the ancients seems to be closed by the final and 

 complete overthrow of the Western Roman empire. With reference to 

 the nations over which that empire extended, the distinction is not 

 altogether arbitrary, or without an intelligible reason. The overthrow 

 of the Roman empire marks the commencement of a new order of 

 thing*, when we begin to discover the rudiments of those powerful 

 independent nations, of those various languages and peculiar in.-titu- 

 tions, which so remarkably distinguish a large portion of what is 

 called modern Europe, from Europe under Roman dominion. There 

 is of course a abort interval, which may be considered as doubtful 

 ground, for the possession of which the terms ancient and modn n v. ill 

 always be allowed to contend. 



It is plain that the reason here given for the commonly received 

 distinction is applicable only to the West and South of Europe ; yet 

 the same distinguishing terms arc familiarly used, and in many cases 

 the same date arbitrarily assumed with reference to the rest of the 

 world. This practice is attended with many diflumltie*, and produces 



no little confusion. The Eastern Roman empire, for instance, survived 

 the Western by many centuries ; nor can any good reason be given 

 why the subjects of Justinian and his predecessors should be classed 

 among the ancients, and those of his successors among the modem*. 

 If the question were asked, where should a Greek author in a late 

 period of the Eastern empire be placed, we could not call him either an 

 ancient or modern Greek writer without giving cause for considerable 

 misapprehension. The use of the term mediaeval may, however, to a 

 certain extent remove the difficulty at least in many cases. In the 

 case of the Oriental nations, tli.- t<-nn- .mm-nt and modern are still 

 applied, and often perhaps with no very distinct n..ti<m <>f their 

 import, even by those who employ them. We hear commonly uf 

 ancient and modern Perxia, ancient and modem India. Now, in tin- 

 case of the Persian empire, in -,, !.;!,_ lor a date. might choose 

 between the conquests of Alexander the Great, tin- irruption "> ''" 

 Parthians, the restoration, as it in called, of the old Persian dynasty, 

 and its subjugation by the Mohammedans. Any one of these i 

 and es|ecially the last, would furnish perhaps better ground for tin- 

 distinction of ancient and modern Persia, than anything which occurred 

 at the time of the overthrow of the Roman empire. 



It might be expected that the convenience of having at hand .-IK h 

 terms as ancient and modern would uften lead to some abuse, and this 

 is particularly observable in the vague reference so frequently made to 

 " the ancients." There is no definition which excludes from their 

 number any who lived from the- time of Noah down to the last Roman 

 emperor ; and it is obvious, that there is not much which ran be safely 

 predicated of a class so large and comprehensive ; yet we often hear of 

 what " the ancients " said, and did, and thought. Allusion is made to 

 the military tactics or the philosophy of the ancients : comparisons are 

 instituted between the literature of the ancients and moderns ; and we 

 are told of the sentiments on certain subjects entertained by the 

 heathen ancients. The truth ia tliat, by " the ancients," we must 

 understand, on many of these occasions, Greeks or Romans at certain 

 periods of their national history ; and even thus limited, there are few 

 assertions which will hold good of "the ancients" generally. For the 

 most part, per ha] w. tlif looseness of the expression is corrected and 

 limited by the subject or the context ; but it is also true, that real 

 misapprehension has arisen from tin- ' throwing together and 



confounding the most dissimilar things by the help of this <> 

 hensive term. 



This is not the place to enter on the consideration of ancient and 

 modern history; but there is an evil in some measure connected with 

 the use of these terms, which it may be worth while to not in-. It is 

 to be feared that the common division of the subject of history into 

 two parts, ancient and modern, too .-11,11 o.mivs tin- notion of an 

 actual He|uration which does not exist. The young student | 

 to himself a great gulf between them. When busy with the ancient. 

 part of the subject, he imagines himself to be ci inventing with beings 

 of a different nature from himself. He believes the narrative, but is 

 affected by it much as he would be by a work of fiction. When he 1m- 

 crossed the gulf, and passed from the obscure regions of ancient history 

 into the stronger realities of modern times, he converses ireely with 

 Iwings of the same flesh and blood with himself. It is not requisite 

 to enumerate all the bad effects which must arise from this impression. 

 It is evil enough that the student must necessarily overlook tin- 

 important fact, that the subjects of what are called ancient and modern 

 history are so far one and indivisible, that a comprehensive view of the 

 ancient part is necessary for the profitable study of the modern. 



ANCIENT DEMESNE. | MANOU : So, U.K.] 



ANCIENT LIGHTS. [Liuin-.J 



ANDANTE, in music, is the third in order of the five classes into 

 which musical movement is divided [AI.LKORO], and the medium 

 between the extremes of slow and quick. 



The music of Corelli, Handel, and their contemporaries, was generally 

 much slower than that which prevails at present, and Andante was 

 then used to denote a moderate degree of quickness : now it indicates 

 a steady, calm movement, rather inclining to slowness than the reverse. 

 It also enjoins a more than ordinary attention to the measure, to tin- 

 equality of time given to each bar. This terra is also used subrtan- 

 tively : thus we say, ' an Andante of Haydn,' &c 



ANDANTI'NO, in music, is the diminutive of 'andante.' It affords 

 a curious example of the vagueness of musical terms, that mi 

 are not agreed whether this diminutive ought to mean ' less slow,' or 

 ' less quick.' When the word andante is used, as by the old masters, 

 to denote a degree of quickness, its diminutive abates its motion : when 

 employed to indicate a movement rather slow than quick, as in the 

 present day, the diminutive increases its motion. For want of advcrtiuj.; 

 to this fact, much misapprehension and some disputes have arisen. It, 

 however, seems to be agreed, that andantino now shall signify a move- 

 ment quicker than andante that it shall be the medium between the 

 latter and allegretto. 



ANDRO'MEDA, a constellation, so called by the Greekn from 

 Andromeda, the mythological daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, 

 who was bound to a rock and thus exposed to a sea-monster, from 

 whom she was delivered by Perseus. This constellation occupies a 

 considerable region of the heavens below Cassiopeia, by which it may 

 be thus found. A line drawn through the brightest star of the live in 

 Cassiopeia, marked ft, and the pole star, passes through a star of the 



