337 



ANGEL. 



ANGER. 



333 



sequence was that a large deep-seated sore, consisting of parts in an 

 unhealthy state, was formed ; and it was necessary to the cure that 

 this sore should suppurate, granulate, and heal, a process which the 

 constitution was frequently unable to support. Moreover, there was a 

 constant danger that the patient would perish from haemorrhage, 

 through the want of adhesion of the sides of the artery. The pro- 

 found knowledge of healthy and of diseased structure, and of the 

 laws of the animal economy by which both are regulated, which John 

 Hunter had acquired from anatomy, suggested to this eminent man a 

 mode of operating, the effect of which, in preserving human life, has 

 placed him high in the rank of the benefactors of his race. This con- 

 summate anatomist saw that the reason why death so often followed 

 the common operation, was because a process essential to its success 

 was prevented by the diseased condition of the artery. He observed 

 that while the vessel close to the aneurism was always diseased, at 

 some distance from the Aneurism it was in a sound state : it occurred 

 to him, that if the ligature were applied to this distant part, that is, 

 to a sound instead of a diseased portion of the artery, the process 

 necessary to the success of the operation would not be counteracted. 

 But to this there was one capital objection, namely, that it would 

 often be necessary to apply the ligature around the main trunk of an 

 artery, before it gives off its branches, in consequence of which the 

 parts below the ligature would be deprived of their supply of blood, 

 and must therefore mortify. He was well acquainted with the facts of 

 the anastomosis of the blood-vessels. [ANASTOMOSIS.] Reflecting on 

 the number and freedom of the communications of the arterial tubes, 

 he conceived it possible that a limb might receive a sufficient supply 

 of blood to maintain its vitality through the medium of its collateral 

 branches only. For an aneurism in the ham, he therefore boldly cut 

 down upon the mam trunk of the artery which supplies the lower 

 extremity, and applied a ligature around it, where it is seated near the 

 middle of the thigh, iu the confident expectation that though he thus 

 deprived the limb of the supply of blood which it received through its 

 direct channel, it would not ]>erish. His knowledge of the processes 

 of the animal economy led him to expect that the force of the cir- 

 culation being thus taken off from the anueurismal sac, the progress of 

 the disease would be stopped ; that the sac itself, with all its contents, 

 would be absorbed; that by this means the whole tumour would be 

 spontaneously removed, and that an opening into it would be unneces- 

 sary. The most complete success followed this noble experiment ; and 

 the sensations which this philosopher experienced on witnessing the 

 event constituted an appropriate reward for the application of profound 

 knowledge to the mitigation of human sufferings. After Hunter 

 followed Abernethy, who treading in the footsteps of his master, for 

 an aneurism of the femoral, placed a ligature arotind the external iliac 

 artery ; lately the internal iliac itself has been taken up, and surgeons 

 have tied arteries of such importance, that they have been themselves 

 astonished at the extent of their success. 



Within the last few years the method of curing aneurism by pressure 

 ban been revived, and it has been so successful and free from dangerous 

 results that the majority of surgeons have recourse to this method 

 before hazarding the operation of tying the artery. The pressure is 

 applied to the artery at the most accessible point above the aneurism, 

 and in such a manner, as to prevent excessive pain, excoriation, or 

 ulceratinu of the skin. In order to .effect this, compresses of various 

 kinds have been employed that invented by Dr. Carte is regarded as 

 the most efficient. This operation require* time, and the patient is 

 kept quiet, and submitted to such a course of treatment as is likely to 

 assist generally in obtaining the desired result. Although treatment 

 by pressure has always been occasionally employed, this treatment in 

 modern times was not adopted successfully till 1825, when a successful 

 case occurred in the practice of Mr. Todd, of Dublin. In 1846, twenty- 

 nine cases of femoral and popliteal aneurism had been thus treated, 

 and twenty-five had been cured. Since that time a large number of 

 cases have been treated, both in this country and the United States of 

 America, and the result has been such thaC no surgeon would now feel 

 himself justified in tying the artery without first having recourse to 

 th>- method of treatment by pressure, in those cases in which it can be 

 had recourse to. 



In some aneurisms, neither operation nor pressure can be applied. In 

 these cases, everything must be done to diminish the current of Mood 

 through the aneurismal sac, and facilitate a natural cure. Unfor- 

 tunately, such cures are rare, but they are frequent enough to warrant 

 the medical practitioner in employing such a course of treatment as is 

 dictated by the nature of the case. 



ANGEL (CoiN). Dr. Johnson defines it as "a piece of money 

 anciently coined and impressed with an angel, iu memory of the 

 observation of PO[MJ Gregory, that the pagan Angle, or English, were 

 so beautiful, that, if they were Christians, they would be Angeli, or 

 Angels." But we must remark that Pope Gregory's observation was 

 made in the 7th century, and the coin called the angel was not struck 

 in England till the middle of the 15th century. The angel was 

 originally a gold coin of France, where it was first coined, at least by 

 that name, in 1340. (See Ducange race Moneta, and Le Blanc, ' Traitt 

 Hist, de Monnoyes de France,' 4to Amst. 1692, p. 207.) In France 

 where it was soon followed by the half and quarter angel, it was always 

 of fine gold, but not always of the same weight. It appears to hav< 

 been introduced, with it* minor divisions, into England by Edward IV. 



ARTS AND SCI. DIV. VOL. I. 



n 14iio (see Leake, pp. 150 164), and was continued as a coin by King 

 lenry VI., when he returned to the throne. We give a representation 

 .f the angel of Henry VI. When first introduced, the angel was rated 



Angel Coin of Henry VI. 



n value at 6s. 8</., and being of the same value as the noble, was 

 sometimes called the noble angel. This value was continued at Hemy 

 VIII.'s first coinage of gold. In the coinage of that king's latter time, 

 he value was raised to 8s., and so continued through the reign of 

 Mward VI. Queen Mary's angel went for 10., which value continued 

 to the end of the reign of Charles I., the last of our kings who coined 

 the angel. So base was Henry VIII.'s gold coinage of this money 

 that Stow, in his ' History of London,' says, ' I have seen 21s. given 

 'or an old angel, to gild withal." Queen Elizabeth (according to 

 [Jicolson's ' Historical Library,' p. 267, from Fynes Moryson's ' Itin., 1 

 part i. lib. 3, cap. 6), in the forty-third year of her reign (16001601), 

 :ontracted, not only for the coining of angels, and their usual divisions, 

 out for pieces of an angel-and-a-half and three-angels, of the finest 

 angel gold ; but it is presumed that the contract for these larger pieces 

 was never completed, as no such coins have ever been seen by our 

 collectors. The usual device on the obverse of the angel was the figure 

 St. Michael standing upon the dragon, and piercing him through the 

 mouth with a spear, the upper end of which terminated in a cross, or 

 cross-crosslet. The reverse of the earlier ones had a ship, with a large 

 cross for a mast, with the royal arms iu front. The angels of James I. 

 and Charles I. have the mast of the ship with a main-top, and no cro.-w. 

 The obverse had the king's titles surrounding the device. The reverse, 

 from Edward IV. to Edward VI., bore the inscription ' PER CRVCEH 

 TVAM SALVA sos CHBISTE REDEMPTOH.' The reverses of the angels of 

 Philip and Mary, Elizabeth, and James I., bore, partly at length and 

 partly abridged, the sentence, 'A DOMINO FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST 

 MIRABILE [IN OCVLIS NOSTRls.'] Charles I.'s angel had on the reverse, 

 AMOR POPVLI PR.ESIDIVM REGIS. Folkes (pi. xiii. of his ' Gold Coins ') 

 has engraved a piece in silver, struck from the reverse only of a die, 

 intended for an angel by King Charles II., but never coined; with the 

 same inscription on the reverse as his father's angel. The only dis- 

 tinction by which the angels of Henry VI. are known from those of 

 Henry VII. is that in the former the archangel Michael stands with 

 his left foot upon the dragon; in the latter, the angel stands with 

 both feet upon the dragon. In the collection of Lord Pembroke 

 there is a six-angel piece ; but it is not certain that it was intended 

 for a coin. The angelets of Edward IV., and to Henry VIII., have on 

 the reverse, o CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. The angelets of Edward VI. have 

 the same inscription on the reverse as the angel. 



ANGELIC ACID (C 10 H,0,). Sumliutic acid. Found in the roots 

 of several species of Angelica, and obtained also by the action of 

 hydrate of ]>otaah upon essence of camomile. It crystallises in large 

 striated colourless prisms, which are anhydrous; they jwssess a peculiar 

 aromatic odour, and an acid taste. Angelic acid fuses at 113 Falir. 

 .-UK! boils at a74. distilling without decomposition. It is easily soluble 

 in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, and fixed oils. Heated with 

 caustic ]iotah it yields acetate and propionate of potash, evolving 

 hydrogen. 



1 / 



Anpclic acid. 



, + 4HO = C.H.O. + C,n o O, + H 3 

 Acetic acid, r ropionic acid. 



Angelic acid is monobasic, and forms an extensive series of salts 

 which are generally very soluble in water and in alcohol. It also 

 unites with oxide of ethyl, forming angelic ether. 



ANGELIC ETHER. [ASOKLIC ACID.] 



ANGELICINE, a non-azotised vegetable substance found in Angelica 

 root (Ani/elica Arcltangelica). 



ANGER (according to Aristotle, ' Rhetor.' b. ii., c. 2.) a a desire nf 

 revenue, accompanied with pain, IM account nf an ajipnmit sliy/it im- 

 properly offered to a person or tome one connected with him. From 

 this definition it appears, first, that in order to excite the passion of 

 anger it is necessary that a slight should be offered ; and secondly, that 

 the slight produces a desire of revenge, which is painful until it is 

 either gratified or assuaged. A slight is an act or forbearance by which 

 a man appears to indicate his opinion that another person is not 

 worthy of notice ; and it may be shown both in active and passive 

 conduct; actively, as when a person insults, reviles, ridicules and 

 banters, or annoys, vexes, and teases another : passively, as when i 

 person omits the marks of attention and respect which an inferior 

 owes to a superior, or an equal to an equal, or when he treats another 

 with contempt. In the cases of abuse, insult, and unseemly or misplaced 



z 



