ANHYDROUS ACETIC ACID. 



ANIMAL STRENGTH. 



Pclarfonie 

 ta|IJ 



Cumink . . . . 

 Cinnamic . 

 SalrcUk . 

 Accto-bcn/olc . . . 

 Luuino-a-nantbyllc . 

 Valroanrlic . . 



II. AxilYDUDt* 01 



Succlnlc anhydride . . 



0, 



C,,H,,O t 



clXo.V 



C,.H,0, J 

 C,,H,0/ 



' C..H.O. 

 C.,11,,0, 



C.,11,,0, 

 C,.H ; (), 



c,.ii,o. 



C.,11,0, 

 ' C, II. O, 



' C..H.O, 



c*:S;; f }. 



c*Xo,) 

 c.^.o,) ' 



BIBAMC Ai in-. , 



C.H.O. 



r> M r\ " 



Lactic 



' c.u.o, 



I '-",". 



C.H.O, 



Camphoric ""'"' 



Fumarlc, or Malt ic 

 Tartaric . 



PjrooUrlc 



V,,ll ; U, 



C.H O. 

 C.II O, 

 C.II.O. 

 C.11,0. 



<>H.. 



ANHYDROUS ACETIC ACID. [ANHTDHIBES.] 

 ANHYDKors ACIDS. [AxnvniiiDES.1 

 ANHYDROUS ANGELIC ACID. [ANHYDRIDES.] 

 ANHYDROUS ACKTO-BEXZOIC ACID. [AMivoii'. 

 ANILES. A name applied to certain organic chemical compounds, 

 forming a sub-class of amides. They contain one equivalent of unilim-. 

 in one equivalent of a bibasie acid, mixtu four equivalent of water. 



AM LIC ACID, fnillyotie add, Xltnrtalicyllc add (C,.H,(N0 4 )0. + 

 2aq.). This acid is one of the numerous substances formed by the 

 decomposition of indigo. It is procured by the long continued action 

 of weak nitric acid on that substance. It is also formed by treating 

 salicylic acid with fuming nitric acid. It is identical with nitre-salicylic 

 acid. Auilic acid is a solid, fusible, and volatile substance, forming 

 fine yellowish-white prisms, which shrink in drying. It combines with 

 bases forming anilates. The onilate of the oxide of methyl may ! 

 obtained by the action of nitric acid on the oil of gaultheria, which is a 

 salicylate of the oxide of methyl. 



The solution of auilic acid is coloured blood red by persalts of iron. 

 Concentrated nitric acid converts it into picric acid. 



ANIL1DATEIJ ACIDS. [ANILIDES.] 



ANILIDES. A sub-class of amides, which might also be termed 

 phtnyl amides, formed with aniline instead of ammonia. Gerhardt gives 

 the following classification of the anilides : 



Anilldet corrnpomling 

 to neutral i.ilu. 



AniUdM corrc|K>ndinn 

 to acid lalta. 



AniliJa: 1 atom aniline + 1 atom of a 



monobasic add 2HO. 

 Dianiliila : 3 atoms analinc -f 1 atom of 



a bi basic acid 4HO. 

 AailUattd Aeidi : 1 atom aniline f 1 



atom of bibasic acid 2 HO. 

 Anita: 1 atom aniline +1 atom of a 



bibatic acid 4 HO. 



ANILINE (C.^jN) JCyanol, Cryttalline, Plicnylamint, PI,,, 

 Bentulan. Hofmann has demonstrated that the base obtained by 

 UnTwdorben, under the name of rri/ttallint, from the products of the 

 distillation of animal matter or coal tar, is identical with aniline. The 

 same distinguished chemist has added largely to our knowledge of this 

 Kubstance. He has shown that ftalinr, which is oxidised blue indigo, 

 when treated with potash, yields aniline, and that chlorisi- 

 bromisatine, when treated in the same way, yield products of the type 

 of aniline, in which hydrogen is replaced by chlorine, bromine, or 

 both. Aniline assumes a deep violet colour when brought into contact 

 with chloride of lime. It is remarkable for its power of entering into 

 combination with other substances. Hofmann has obtained it from 

 other substance* besides isatine. When anthranilic acid is treated with 

 'powdered glass, it is resolved into carbonic acid and aniline. It may, 

 however, be best prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzol by means of 

 acetic acid and iron filings. 



Solicylamiri, and MhrolnlnoU both yield this substance when exposed 

 to heat with the base* lime, or baryta. The first yields little, l.ut di- 

 bit compound is entirely resolved into aniline and carbonic acid. The 

 following u a list of substances which are formed by the simple substi 

 tution of other elements for atoms of hydrogen in the aniline base : 



AnillM 



TrichloranlUne . 



BromanlUiM 



Uibromaniline . 



Trlbronunllino 



CblorodlbromuIUnc 



Xluanlline 



NllrodlbroiuaniUne 



Etbrlpbrn; lamlne . 



Dlctbflphrnylamine 



C,,H,a,N 

 C lt H.IIrX 

 C 11 H.Br,N 

 C,,H.Hr,X 



t'u". 1 

 C,,H,;N<i. s 

 C,,II.Br,(S(>, \ 



c M n,(c.H,),N 



Chemically, these compounds are of the highest interest. In the owe 

 of bromaniline, and chloraniline, chlorine and bromine are substituted 

 f.>r hydrogen, and this was one of the first instances known of the sub- 

 stitution of other elements for hydrogen in a basic coniimnd, although 

 many instances have since occurred. It will also be observed from 

 these compounds that aniline has a close resemblance to ammonia. 

 This is seen also in the fact, that just as ammonia forma the compounds 

 carbamide and oxamide. so aniline will yield under toe same circum- 

 stances rarbuuilitlr and 1 1 also forms acid anilides, as carb- 

 anilic acid, analogous to carbamic acid. ll<>fni:uiu has also made the 

 discovery that just as cyanate of ammonia passes into urea, and the 

 cyanate of mrthylamine into nwtliylo-urra. so cyanate of aniline passe* 

 spontaneously into auilo-urta. In fact, the more recent researches of 

 Wurtz and Hofmann have clearly established this close relationship 

 between aniline and ammonia. For n full account of the chemistry of 

 this highly interesting compound the reader should consult tin- , 

 of Dr. Hofmann, in the ' Philosophical Transaction*,' and the ' Journal 

 of the Chemical Society.' [Oiu-.vNU' HASES.] 



AN I LOC Y ANIC ACID. UaH>ail<, Cyanate of PI, ! (0 .11 ..NO,). 



A liquid organic body obtained by the distillation of oxamelanile. 



ANIMAL FOOD, PRESERVATION OF. [A.NTHEITI 



ANIMAL MAGNETISM. [MKHSIKHISII.] 



A N 1 M AL STRENGTH. Information on this branch of mocl. 

 philosophy will always be received with interest so long as it shall be 

 found necessary to employ men or animals, either in coir 

 burdens or in giving motion to machinery, since by it the eni| 

 is enabled to ascertain what is the greatest qu.uitity of useful work 

 which may be obtained from such agents without tubj >u to a 



degree of fatigue which might in time prove injurious to their health 

 or bodily powers. 



As early as the year 1680, Borelli published a treatise, unit I. -I 

 ' De Motu Auimalium ; ' and since that time the determinat : 

 numerical expressions for the amount of human and animal labour has 

 occupied the attention of many distinguished mathematicians and 

 experimentalists. It has been said that the strengths of different 

 animals of the same species, or of the same animal at different times, 

 are in a triplicate proportion of the quantities of their blood: tin- 

 whole strength of an animal behig the foicc of all the muscles taken 

 together, which are directly nourished by the blood. If, however, 

 the blood be so altered as to increase or diminish the strength, it 

 amounts to the some as if the blood were in a natural state, but ii 

 quantity increased or diminished in the same proportion. M. de b 

 Hire remarked that the strength of an ordinary man in walking, is 

 only 27 Ibs., but that this would be much greater, if he walked back- 

 wards. A horse draws, he says. hmi/ontaUy, as much as seven men, 

 that is, 189 Ibs. But to none is this subject so much indebted as to 

 Coulomb. The dynamical unit employed by Coulomb is one kilo- 

 gramme ( = 2-2055 pounds avoirdujwis), which is supposed to be 

 transported to a distance equal to one kilometre ( = u-8214 mile), and 

 <i-'n for strength is the product of the number of kilogrammes 

 in a burden by the number of kilometres in the distance in w hich the 

 burden is conveyed during one working day of eight hours. F,.r 

 convenience, however, the unit of weight in this article, is one i 

 avoirdupois, and the unit of distance is one mile ; so that the expres- 

 sion for strength is the product of the number of pounds 1>\ tin 

 numlier of miles to which they may be conveved in one such day. 



With respect to men, Coulomb found that when a man travels 

 unloaded on level ground he can walk 31 miles doily. Now, assuming 



i^ht of a man to be 160 Ibs., we have 160 x 31 or 4960 i 

 measure of his strength or the quantity of action, which is, consequently. 

 equivalent to that of a machine capable of carrying 4960 Ibs. to a 

 distance of one mile, or one pound to a distance of 4960 miles in one day. 



He found also, from a mean of the work done by the porters of 

 Paris, that with a burden equal to 128 Ibs. a man can walk 972 miles 

 in a day, from which it follows (the weight of a man being 160 Ibs.) 

 that the quantity of action is (1CO + 128) x 972, or 2799. If the 

 weight of the man be not included, the quantity of notion is 128 x 972, 

 or 1244 ;. and this is to be considered at the useful effect. Subtracting 

 2799 from 4960, we have 2161 for the measure of the action, lost in 

 consequence of the burden ; but the useful effect, which in the first 

 case was nothing, is in the second efpressed by 1244. 



By means of a formula, which was given l.y Euler, with the data 

 afforded by these experiments, it is found that 272 Ibs. constitute the 

 greatest burden which a man of average strength can support, and 

 under which he cannot move. It is found, moreover, tl ..t the useful 

 effect is at a maximum when a man is loaded with 121 Ibs, : 

 this burden he can walk 10) miles, nearly, in a day; and consequently 

 the greatest useful effect is expressed by 1250. 



Coulomb further determined, that when a man ascends a convenient 



