AXIMfc. 



ANNALS. 



velltim, iiuilU, iKtarls. eed pearl*, mother <>' pearl, buflklo hells, 

 Bombay AelU. black .helU, white-edge Ju-ll, yellow-edge atell., flat 

 1-helU, grma-nail ahelht, coral ; together with Urge number of -ft-r 

 Mil-sUnm, cuob M sponge, catgut, gold-beaten' skin. bladders, sper- 

 niMntl. wax, lard, tallow*, oiU, Ac. Under the thinl divi-ion . ....... 



ilur, kingU, gelatine. booe-black, ivory black, nuinial charcoal. &c. 

 Under th fourth division are included bone* anil other nilxtancea from 

 which phphoni*. ammonia, cyanide*, Ac. are procured. Under the 

 tifth division are enumerated cochineal and carmine ; dyes from the 

 galb of aphides ; gall-tne pigment from ox-gall ; lac, in its various 

 form* of (tick-lac, ned-lac, lumi>-Uc, shell-lac, laic-lake, and lac-dye ; 

 i-epia, from the cuttle fish ; essence d'oricnt. obtained from the scales 

 of the bleak, and lued in the manufacture of artificial pearl*, Ac. 



Notice* of the more important of the above-named substances will be 

 found under their proper headings. 



AN1MK. A gum resin. of which two kinds are known : the Ameri- 

 can, which is mid to be obtained from incisions in the //ituirmra 

 Com-fairi'i, and the Oriental. The American aninir is pale yellow to 

 dui-ky brown, ha* an agreeable odour, and a specific gravity of roll. 

 It contains 2'4 |>er cent, of a volatile oil. The oriental variety has a 

 yellow or reddish yellow colour, and a specific gravity of 1'0272. lioth 

 varietiei are employed for scenting pastilles. 



AXISAMIC ACID (C,,H.NC) ). A colourless crystalline acid, ob- 

 tained by Adding sulphide of ammonium to niti:mi.-ir acid. 



AXISAMIDK [XH a (C, ,,H,O,i]. A crystalline substance, obtained by 

 the action of chloride of anisvl upon ammonia. [Aimn - ] 



AXISAXILIDE [NH(C 1 .h,0 4 )(C ls H.)l Phenyl<iitumi<lr. I 

 t.Jline body, formed by acting upon aniline with chloride of anisyl. 

 [Axibic ACID.] 



AXISHYDRAMIDE (Hytlruh <,f AzuauityH (C,H M N,O.V A crys- 

 talline product of the action of ammonia on hydride of auixyl. 

 JC..H.O. + JNH, = C,,n it N,0. + 6HO 



Hyilride of 

 AnUrl. 



Ammonia. Aninhvilramiilr. 



Anishydramide crystalline* in brilliant prisms, fusible, and soluble in 

 hot alcohol and ether. 



ANISIC ACID Dnnmif Arid (C,.H,0.). Obtained by M. Cahours 

 by boiling oil of anise with nitric acid of specific gravity 1 "2. A yellow 

 resinous mass (nitraniside) first separates, and then crystals of anisic 

 acid are deposited as the liquid cools. Anisic avid is almost tasteless, 

 scarcely soluble in cold, but easily soluble in hot water, in alcohol, and 

 in ether. It fuses at 347, and may be sublimed unaltered. Dis- 

 tilled with pentachloride of phosphorus, it yields r/ilvridc iif w /';// 

 (C,,H,0,C1). It also unites with oxide of ethyl, forming i''c tlhrr 

 .r,,H:'<'.H 5 >0). 



ANISIC ETHER. [ ANISIC ACID.] 



AXI3IDINE JferAiy/-;>Ariiirfiiie (U 1 ,H,NO.). An oily solid, formed 

 by the action of sulphide of ammonium upon nitrophenate of methyl. 



ANISINE (C,,H, t N,O,). An organic base, formed 1>y the isomeric 

 transformation which hydride of oi-oanisyl suffers when maintained at .1 

 temperature of 830 F. for several hours. It crystallises in colourless 

 prisms pomeming a strong alkaline reaction ; is soluble in alcohol. and 

 slightly so in boiling water. It fonns crystallisablu salts with acids. 



AXISOlX. A substance obtained by acting on the oil of ;mi.-<' by 

 .iilphiirie acid or the chlorides of tin and antimony. It is analogous to 

 benzoin. 



ANISOL-/'Aa<ic of Mtlhyl (c'fj 1 * } ) 1'repared by distilling 



anisic acid with an excess of caustic baryta. It is a colourless, very 

 mobile liquid of an aromatic odour. It boils at 306 F. 



AXISYL (C H,0,V The hypothetical radical of imisic acid. It 

 may be regarded as methyl-salicyl, thus : 



tfcllcrl ...... C,,H,O 4 



Anlrl ...... C,,U 4 (C,H 1 )0 4 . 



AXKKK, a mt-axure of wine and spirit*, particularly of the latter, 

 formerly in nse, containing 10 old wine gallons, or 8J imperial gallons, 

 that is, 2310-62 cubic inches. This measure is also in use in various 

 parts of Europe, and varies according to the following table : 



A N X ALS, in Latin A mmln. u derived from ' annus, 1 a year. Cicero, 

 in his second book, On an Orator ( De Oratore, 1 chap. xiii'). informs us 

 that from the commencement of the Roman state down to the tun. of 

 PnKlin- MiK-iu-i, it won the custom for the Pontifex Maximus, or high 

 priest, annually to commit to writing the transactions of the past year, 

 and to exhibit the account publicly on a tablet (in aOm) at his house, 

 where it might be read by the people. Mucius was Pontifex Maximns 

 in the beginning of the 7th century from the foundation of Home. 

 These are the registers, Cicero adds, which we now call the ' A< 

 Maximi,' the great annals. It in probable that these annals are the same 

 which are frequently referred to by I.ivy under the title of the 

 mentarii I'ontiticum.' and by Dionysiu.- nude! th.it of the 1/poi 8'Vroi, 

 or ' Sacred Tablets.' Cicero, lioth in the passage just quoted, and in 

 another in his first book On Law* (' De Legibus,') speaks of them w 

 being extremely brief and meagre documents. It may, however, he 

 inferred from what he BUVII, that parts of them at least were still in 

 existence in his time, and some might be of considerable antiquity. 

 Livy only says that mutt of the contents of the Pontiffs' Coiiinn 

 were lost at the burning of the city after its c.ipture by the <i.i<! 

 is evident, however, that they were not in Uvy's time "to be found in .1 

 perfect state even from the date of that event (A.v. 363); for lit i 

 often in doubt as to the succession of magistrates in subsequent p. 

 which it is scarcely to be supposed he could have been, if a complete 

 series of these annals had been preserved. 



The word annals, however, was also used by the Romans in a general 

 sense ; and it has been much disputed among the critics what 

 true distinction between annals and history. Cicero, in the passage in 

 his work ' De Oratore,' say, that the first narrators of public < 

 both among the Greeks and Romans, followed the same mode of w ritini; 

 with that in the ' Annales Maximi ; ' which he further describes as 

 consisting in a mere statement of fact* briefly and without ornament. 

 In his work ' De Legibus ' he cliaracterises history as something quit*' 

 distinct from this, and of which there was as yet no example in the 

 Latin language. It belongs, he snys, to the highest class of or 

 composition. 



This question has been considerably perplexed by the division which 

 is commonly made of the historical works of Tacitus, into books of 

 annals, and books called histories. As what ore called his ' A i 

 are occupied with events which happened before he was bom, while in 

 his ' History ' he relates those of his own time, sonic crit i 

 it down as the distinction between history and annals, that the i 

 is a narration of what the writer has himself seen, or at least 

 contemporary with, and the latter of transactions which had preceded 

 his own day. Aulus Oellius (' Noctes Attica?,' v. 18) ha* 

 doctrine, which, after his manner, he hax . n.L i . med to support by 

 a reference to the etymology of the word history, from the Greek 

 lurofia, properly to inquire in jicrson. 



It must lie evident that this is quite an unfounded tuition. Without 

 attempting to define at present what history pro]ierly is. which will In- 

 more conveniently done under the word itself, we may venture to 

 a.->iime, that it does not mean merely memoirs of event* by contem- 

 l>oraries. And it is equally clear that there is nothing in tl 

 annals which should make it exclusively applicable to accounts < 

 ages. We doubt if Tacitus himself ever gave the name of h 

 to any of his writings. If he gave <itlier work a title at all. more 

 probably he gave to both that of annals only. We laiht-r think it will 

 be found, that wherever he mentions his historical writim.--. h- i.-tf- 

 to them by this name. It is. at any rate, by no means certain that the 

 common division cither oii-in ..teil \\ith him, or w;i.- even leeognised by 

 others of his own age. 



Tacitus has himself in one pasKi^e intimated distinctly what I,- 

 himself understood annals to be, as distinguished from history. In his 

 ' Annals' (commonly so called), lil>. iv. cap. 71, he states his reason for 

 not giving the continuation and conclusion of a particular narr.itive 

 which he hod commenced, to be simply the necessity under which he 

 had laid himself by the form of comjiosition he had adopted of relating 

 events strictly in the order of time, and always finishing those of one 

 year In-fore entering UIH>II those of another. The substance of his 

 remark is, that " the nature of his work required him t 

 particular under the year in which it actually happened." This, then, 

 was what Tacitus conceived to be the task which he had undertaken ae 

 a writer of annals, "to keep everything to its year." Had he been 

 writing a history- (and in the instance quoted above, he insinuates he 

 hod the inclination, if not the ability, for once to act the historian), he 

 would have considered himself at liberty to pursue the narrnt 

 was engaged with to its close, not stopping until he had related the 

 winding up of the whole. But remembering that he professed to be no 

 more than an annalist, he restrains himself, and feels it to be his busi- 

 ness to keep to the events of the year. 



It is of no consequence that on some other occasions Tacitus may 

 have deviated somewhat from the strict line which he thus lays down 

 for himself that he may have for a moment dropped the amalist and 

 assumed the historian. If it should even be contended that hi 11,11 

 tive does not in general exhibit a more slavish submission to th- 

 succession of years than others that have been dignified with the name 

 of historians, that is still of no consequence. He may hare >< 

 himself with the more humble name of an annalist, when he had a 

 right to the pi under one of an historian; or the oihei works referred 



