353 



ANXATES. 



ANNUITY. 



351 



to may be wrongly designated histories. It may be, for instance, that 

 he himself is as much an historian in what are called his ' Annals ' as 

 he is in what is called his ' History.' In that case all we can say is, 

 upon any interpretation of the words that may be advanced (except 

 indeed the foolish one proposed by Aulus Gellius), that one of the 

 titles is wrong. 



In lib. iii. cap. 65 of his ' Annals,' Tacitus tells us that it formed no 

 ]iart of the plan of his ' Annals ' to give at full length the sentiments 

 and opinions of individuals, except they were signally characterised 

 either by some honourable or disgraceful traits. In chap. 22 of the 

 treatise on Oratory, attributed to Tacitus, the author expresses his 

 opinion of the general character of the style of ancient annals ; and 

 (' Annal.' xiii. 31) he carefully marks the distinction between events 

 fit to be incorporated into annals and those which were only adapted 

 to the Acta Diurna. [ACTA DIURXA.] 



The distinction we have stated between history-writing and annal- 

 writing seems to be the one that has been commonly adopted. An 

 account of events digested into so many successive years is usually 

 entitled, not a history, but auiials. The ' Ecclesiastical Annals ' of 

 Baronius, and the ' Annals of Scotland,' by Sir David Dalrymple (Lord 

 Hailes), are well-known examples. In such works so completely is the 

 succession of years considered to be the governing principle of the 

 narrative, that that succession is sometimes preserved unbroken even 

 when the events themselves would not have required that it should, 

 the year being formally enumerated although there is nothing to be 

 told under it. The year is at least always stated with equal formality 

 whether there be many events or hardly any to be related as haying 

 happened in it. In this respect annals differ from a catalogue of events 

 with their dates, as, for instance, the ' Parian Chronicle.' The object 

 of the latter is to intimate in what year certain events happened ; of 

 the former, what events happened in each year. The history of the 

 Peloponnesian war by Thucydides has the character of annals. The 

 events are arranged distinctly under each year, which is further divided 

 into summers and winters. All political reflections arc, for the 

 moat part, placed in the mouths of the various commanders on 

 each side. 



In the ' Rheiniscbes Museum fiir Philologie,' &c., ii. jahrg. 2 heft, 

 pp. 293, &c., there is .1 disquisition by Nu-buhr on the distinction 

 between History ami Annals, in which he limit.- the latter nearly as 

 has been done above. But the greater part of the paper is taken up in 

 endeavouring to account for the definition given by Aulus Gellius, 

 which is illustrated in a manner perhaps more fanciful and ingenious 

 than convincing. There is a translation of it in the Sixth Number 

 (for May, 1833) of the ' Cambridge Philological Museum.' 



It scarcely need be noticed that the term annals is popularly used 

 in a very loose sense for a record of event* in whatever form it may be 

 written as when Gray speaks of 



"The short and simple annals of the poor." 



In the Romish Church a mass said for any person every day during 

 a whole year was anciently called an aunal ; and sometimes the same 

 word was applied to a mass said on a particular day of every year. 



(Du Cange, fUwmriam arl ti-ri/itirrtx Media et Infana Latinit>tti.-<. ) 



ANNA'TES, from anm<, a year, a sum paid by the person presented 

 to a Church living, being the estimated value of the living for a year. 

 It is what is otherwise called Primitia, or First Fruits. [FIRST FRUITS.] 

 The amount in each cure was formerly regulated, in England, by a 

 valuation of benefices, made by Walter, bishop of Norwich, under the 

 direction of Pope Innocent IV., in 1254, in the reign of Henry III. A 

 new valuation was made in 1292, in the reign of Edward I.; and a 

 third in 1535, in the reign of Henry VIII., according to which (com- 

 monly called the Liber Regis, or King's Book) the clergy are at present 

 rated. These fines, before the Reformation, went to the bishop or to 

 the pope : on the supremacy being transferred to the crown, they went 

 along with it. In the reign of Queen Anne they were given up to form 

 a fund for the augmentation of poor livings ; hence called Queen Anne's 

 Bounty. The administration of this fund is now regulated by 1 & 2 

 Viet. c. 20. In Ireland, until the 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 47 (An Act to 

 alter and amend the Laws relating to the Temporalities of the Church 

 in Ireland), the first fruits were applied in the first instance to the 

 repair of churches, and to the augmentation of poor livings after that 

 object had been satisfied. By that statute the demand of first fruits is 

 abolished ( 13), and in lieu of it, all ecclesiastical incomes above a 

 certain amount are to jay yearly a tax regulated by their value. In 

 Scotland, by the Act of Parliament, 1672, c. 13, the executors of every 

 holder of a spiritual benefice are allowed the first half-year's stijiend 

 after that to which the incumbent waa entitled at the time of his 

 death ; and this is called the Ann, or Annat. As it belongs to the 

 executors of the clergyman, and not to himself, it can neither be 

 ;<'! by him during his life, nor seized in payment of his debts. 

 (Ersk. ' Inst.,' ii. 10, 66.) 



ANNEALING. There are certain substances, more especially glass 

 an,d some of the metals, which on sudden cooling after having been 

 melted, acquire great brittlcness, and in the case of glass, a disposition 

 to fly to pieces by moderate changes of temperature, or slight external 

 force. This is remedied by annealing, which, with respect to glass, 

 'ts in heating it, below the point at which it softens, in what are 

 termed annealing went, the glass being gradually removed from the 



ARTS AND SCI. DIV. VOL. I. 



hotter to the cooler parts of the furnace. The brittleness of glass has 

 been attributed to the disturbance, attendant upon the hasty cooling, 

 in the regular arrangement of its particles. [GLASS.] 



The metals also suffer remarkable changes as to their hardness, 

 toughness and brittleness ; this is especially the case with iron after it 

 has been converted into steel. The alteration of structure which they 

 undergo is not thoroughly understood; it is, however, certain that 

 some malleable metals which crystallise on cooling, are brittle in their 

 crystalline state, and that this structure is altered, and they are ren- 

 dered tough by heating and rolling. This is remarkably the case with 

 zinc, which is incapable of extension under the hammer, except in a 

 slight degree, without cracking ; but when it has been passed through 

 the rollers, at a moderate increase of temperature, it becomes almost 

 as flexible and as tough as copper. This change must be derived from 

 some alteration of structure,^ and fresh arrangement of the particles, 

 which must be considered as owing to a process, if not identical with 

 annealing, yet bearing a strong analogy to it. [BRASS ; STEEL.] 



ANNIHILATOR, FIRE. In addition to the machines noticed under 

 FIRE ENGINE and FIRE ESCAPE, another protection from fire has been 

 introduced by Mr. Phillips, under the name of the Fire Annihilator. 

 Mr. Phillips took out his patent in 1849. The materials employed 

 consist of sugar and chlorate of potash, mixed and boiled together into 

 a homogeneous mass. This is placed in a perforated cylinder, within a 

 second perforated cylinder, contained in a third but air-tight cylinder ; 

 and the whole put into an outer case. Water is placed in the space 

 between the bottoms of the third cylinder and outer casing ; a vertical 

 pipe opens from this space to the space between the second and third 

 cylinders. By the action of the heated water, aided by a mechanical 

 contrivance, a particular gas or vapour is generated from the chlorate, 

 and is allowed to escape through an opening at the top of the case. It 

 is this gas which is intended to act so remarkably upon a burning mass 

 as to extinguish flame. 



With this apparatus Mr. Phillips has made many experiments which 

 have attracted a good deal of public attention. A display was made at 

 Vauxhall Gas Works, in October, 1849; model houses and shops, filled 

 with combustibles, were set on fire, with a view of showing how rapidly 

 the aunmilator could extinguish the flames. The machine is placed 

 where it can be influenced by the heat of the conflagration ; and the 

 resulting gas has a remarkable effect in extinguishing flame ; but it 

 does not extinguish red heat unaccompanied by flame. Experiments 

 were made in the early part of 1850 at Trenthani Park, at the Pad- 

 diugton Railway Station, and at the West India Docks ; but the anni- 

 hilator on these occasions scarcely merited the good opinion of its 

 admirers. Shortly after this, the Board of Ordnance permitted a brick 

 building to be constructed in Woolwich Marsh, and made to represent 

 as nearly as practicable (without incurring too much expense) a three 

 storied house, which was then filled with cheap furniture; and a 

 similar experiment was conducted here. 



The truth seems to be (so far as has yet been shown), that in close 

 rooms, or confined spaces generally, the liberated gases of the anni- 

 hilator may be serviceably used to extinguish flame ; but that where 

 there is plenty of access for external air, the action of the machine 

 becomes impaired. So far as the mere setting to work is concerned, it 

 is easy and simple ; but an experience of ten years (1849 to 1859) has 

 not tended far towards the establishment of the fire-annihilator in 

 practical use. 



ANNIVE'RSARY, the yearly return of any remarkable day, called, 

 in old English, by the expressive term year-day. 



Anniversary days are festivals celebrated by the Romish church in 

 honour of the saints, one or two of whom are assigned to every day in 

 the year. In the Church of England the only anniversaries are the 

 solemn ones of the birth and death of our Saviour, but there are special 

 services for some of the saints. There are also some few fairs held 

 on saints' days, but without any present recognition of the saints, and 

 with scarcely a remembrance of them. The birth-day of the reigning 

 monarch is very generally celebrated by holidays and rejoicings ; the 

 anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot has been rescued from oblivion by 

 the love of school-boys for fire-works and the pageant of Guy Fawkes ; 

 the oaken bough still preserves the remembrance of the restoration of 

 the Stuarts ; and Valentine yet makes a considerable contribution to 

 the post-office revenue. 



Literary and scientific associations generally celebrate the anniversary 

 of their original institution, and social parties are held in domestic life 

 on the birth-days of heads of families. 



ANNUITY, a term derived from the Latin annul, a year ; signify- 

 ing, in its most general sense, any fixed sum of money which is payable 

 either yearly or in given portions at stated periods of the year. Thus, 

 the lease of a house, which lets for 501. a year, and which has 17 years 

 to run, is to the owner an annuity of 50/. for 17 years. In an ordinary 

 use of the term, it signifies a sum of money payable to an individual 

 yearly, during life. In the former case, it is called, in technical 

 language, an annuity certain, and in the latter, a life annuity. 



It is evident that every beneficial interest which is either to con- 

 tinue for ever, or to stop at the end of a given time, such as a freehold, 

 a lease, a debt to be paid in yearly instalments, &c., is contained under 

 the general head of an annuity certain ; while every such interest which 

 terminates with the lives of any one or more individuals, all that in law 

 is called a life estate, and all salaries, as well as what are most commonly 



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