381 



ANNUITY. 



ANOMALY. 



362 



the estate of the testator, will abate proportionably with the other 

 legacies. 



An annuity may be charged either upon some particular fund (in 

 which case, if the fund fails the annuity ceases), or upon the whole per- 

 sonal estate of the grantor, which is usually effected by a deed of 

 covenant, a bond, or a warrant of attorney. If the person charged 

 with the payment of an annuity becomes bankrupt, the annuity may 

 be proved as a debt, and its value ascertained. (Bankrupt Law Con- 

 solidation Act, 12 & 13 Viet. c. 106, s. 175.) Sureties for the payment 

 of it by the bankrupt may also prove (s. 176). The value of the 

 annuity becomes a debt upon the estate of the bankrupt. 

 f If the person on whose life an annuity is granted, dies between two 

 days of payment, the grantee has no claim on him in respect of the 

 time elapsed since the last day of payment. From this rule are ex- 

 cepted annuities granted for the maintenance of the grantee. On 

 government annuities, a quarter's annuity is paid to the executors of 

 an annuitant, if they come in and prove the death. [APPORTIONMENT.] 

 ANNUITY (in the Law of Scotland). The 53 Geo. III. c. 131, 

 did not extend to Scotland. In that country a fixed sum per annum 

 paid periodically, secured on heritable property, is called an annuity : 

 grants of annuity on personal security are, however, almost unknown. 

 An annuity is generally granted for life : and it may either be created 

 by reservation in a transfer of the property, thus constituting a burden 

 on the new proprietor's title ; or it may be granted by the proprietor, 

 the annuitant making his title real, as in the case of an absolute estate 

 in land, by seisin. Provisions to widows and children are thus secured. 

 This species of security on land is to be distinguished from right of 

 annual-rent, which was formerly the mode in which the payment of 

 the interest of money lent on heritable security was made a real burden 

 on the lauds, before the modern and more effective security was devised 

 of taking a redeemable conveyance of the lands themselves to the 

 creditor. When the obligor or grantor of an annuity became bankrupt, 

 there was no statutory provision in Scotland for enabling the annuity 

 creditor to prove. The Court of Session was in use to interpose 

 equitably to allow the annuitant to draw a dividend on the value of 

 the annuity. Provisions for the valuation of annuities, and as to the 

 claims of the sureties for its payment, are made by the recent statute 

 19 4. 20 Viet. c. 79. The Act for the amendment of the law of entail 

 in Scotland (11 ft 12 Viet. c. 36) enables heirs of entail to grant bonds 

 of annual-rent for the value of the improvements effected by them 

 (ss. 13 ft 14). These annual-rents may be made payable for 25'years 

 after the death of the grantor. 



ANNUITY" (\\'RIT OF). A writ which lies for the recovery of an 

 annuity, but which is in practice now obsolete (Fitzherbert, ' Nat. Brev.' 

 356). When annuities are granted, there in always a covenant for 

 payment by the grantor, on which the grantee may sue in covenant. 



ANNULET, in architecture. This term is applied to the small 

 eccentric rings or bands which enrich the lower part of the moulding 

 of the Doric capital, just where it falls into, or grows out of, the top 

 of the shaft, or trachelium. It is formed from the Latin word signify- 

 ing a ring. 



AX'NULUS, the geometrical name of a ring, or solid formed by 

 the revolution of a circle about a straight line exterior to its circum- 

 ference as an axis, and in the plane of the said circle. 



To find the surface of a ring, measure the interior and exterior 

 diameters in feet or inches, &c. Multiply together the sum and 

 difference of these diameters, and multiply the product by 2'4674011, 

 taking as many decimals as may be thought necessary. For common 

 purpose", it will be sufficiently exact to divide 200 times the product 

 of the sum and difference twice successively by 9. If still greater 

 correctness be required, subtract from the last result its 500th part. 

 The result will be the number of nrjitare feet, or inches, &c., in the 

 xiirfnce of the ring. 



To find the solid content of a ring, measure the outer and inner 

 diameters as before, multiply together their sum and the square of 

 their difference, and multiply this product by '3084251. For common 

 purposes, it will be sufficient to annex three ciphers to the pro- 

 duct of the sum and the square of the difference, and to divide by 

 '6'H'i. The result will be the number of cubic feet or inches, &c. in 

 the ring. 



ANN US DELIBERANDI, in the law of Scotland, is the year im- 

 mediately following the death of the proprietor of heritable property, 

 which is allowed to the heir that he may make up his mind whether 

 he will accept the succession with the burden of his predecessor's 

 debts. Within that time he cannot be compelled to adopt an alterna- 

 tive, unless he has expressly or virtually resigned the privilege. The 

 practice is adopted from the title of the Pandects (' De Jure Delibe- 

 randi,' xxviii. tit. 8). The term of a year was fixed by a constitution 

 ..I Justinian (' Cod.' vi. tit. 30, s. 19). 



ANODY'NES, from the Greek word 4$8woj (anMnnoa), which 

 sometimes signifies, " that which relieves from pain." We may con- 

 sider pain as an intimation of some derangement of the system, the 

 continuance of which would be hurtful. It therefore prompts us to 

 take measures to remove the causes of it, which being done, the pain 

 generally ceases. But as pain itself, from the inconvenience and 

 suffering which it occasions, frequently aggravates the disease of which 

 it is the accompaniment, it becomes necessary to employ means to 

 lessen or suspend it, even though we should not be able to control the 



disease : these means are termed anodynes, and are either applied 

 externally, or given internally. 



The seat of pain is evidently in the nervous system, bvit its cause 

 and origin appear to be intimately connected with the state of the 

 circulating system, particularly with the quantity of blood contained 

 in the arteries, and the degree of force and rapidity with which it 

 passes through them. Hence pain may be said to be of two kinds ; 

 that which occurs when the blood stagnates in the extreme vessels, or 

 capillaries, while the larger vessels propel it with increased force, or 

 the state termed inflammation ; and that which occurs when there is a 

 deficiency of blood in the extreme vessels, from the action of the large 

 vessels being too feeble to propel it, as happens after long abstinence 

 from food, or other causes of exhaustion such as prolonged suckling 

 of infants by mothers. The discrimination of these two kinds of pain 

 is of great practical importance ; for while the first will be relieved by 

 bleeding and anodynes, the second will be greatly aggravated by the 

 employment of either of these means. It is therefore to the former 

 that the use of anodynes must be limited, in which they appear to be 

 productive of benefit in two ways ; first, by rendering the nerves of 

 the part less sensible ; and, secondly, by diminishing the violence with 

 which the large vessels propel the blood, when the anodynes are given 

 in sufficient quantity to influence the brain, and through it, by a pro- 

 cess extremely complex, which we need not explain here, the contractile 

 power of the heart and arteries. As most of the articles termed 

 anodynes have a powerful influence over the brain, they generally 

 produce sleep, if given in a large dose ; hence they are also denominated 

 hypnotics ; and from causing insensibility, they are also denominated 

 nnrmtia. The knowledge of their possessing this power should lead 

 us to observe great caution in their administration, lest by an over-dose 

 we should produce a fatal coma, or very profound sleep, from which 

 the patient might never be roused. 



It deserves also to be mentioned, that their frequent repetition 

 produces an injurious effect on the frame, particularly on the nervous 

 system, and function of nutrition ; we should therefore carefully guard 

 against acquiring a habit of having recourse to them on slight occasions, 

 or without the sanction of a competent authority. The opium-eater 

 not less certainly induces disease, and brings himself to an untimely 

 end, than he who indulges in ardent spirits. 



The substances used as anodynes are mostly derived from the vege- 

 table kingdom, and will be further treated of under the names of the 

 plants which produce them. They are Opium, Jfyoscyamus, or Hen- 

 bane, Solatium thicamam, or Woody Night-shade, Atrojia, Bettatlonim, 

 or Deadly Night-shade, Hydrocyanic, or Prussic-acid, and Carbonic- 

 acid-gas applied in the yeast poultice, and other forms. Chloroform is 

 most valuable. 



ANOMALISTIC YEAR, the interval which elapses between two 

 successive times when the earth is at the least distance from the sun. 

 If the earth's orbit were a perfect ellipse, this would be exactly equal 

 to the common or tropical year ; the orbit is, however, more nearly 

 represented by an ellipse of which the axis revolves through 11 "'8 in 

 a year. That is, if we imagine a star which is always eclipsed by the 

 sun's centre, at the moment when the earth is at its least distance, 

 that star must follow the sun at the rate of 11"'8 in a year, or a revo- 

 lution in 108,000 years in round numbers. The anomalistic year, or 

 the time between two successive eclipses of the supposed star, is 25 

 minutes longer than the tropical year, being 365 days, 6 hours, 13 

 minutes, 45 seconds. 



ANO'MALY (in Astronomy), a term derived from the Greek 

 avuiuaXos (andiiuilw) , unequal or irregular, and applied in astronomy t<> 

 the angle through which the radius drawn from a planet to the sun, 

 has moved with the planet from the time when the planet was at its 

 least distance from the sun. The term was applied to this angle, as 

 being the angle whose irregularities were first observed ; though it 

 must be confessed that this is not a happy specimen of mathematical 

 nomenclature. 



Let s be the position of the sun, in the focus of the ellipse described 



by the planet, A the perihelion, or point of least distance from the eun, 

 A i' M the ellipse described by the planet, A Q M the circumscribed 



