ANTACIDS. 



.\\TAI.K\I.IK.s 



dre), r tli* place of the planet, and q r V a perpendicular to the axis 

 AM. L*t c be the centre of the ellipse and circle. The pUnet moved 

 quickest at A. and loweM at M. roncejre a fictitious planet z to 

 mar* round the i41ipe ATM. with thr average motion of the real 

 planet, M a*, without varying iU motion, to make the angle A I 

 increase uniformly, and to deacribe the whole revolution in the aame 

 time a* the real planet. Then, for the moment when the planet in at 

 r, the angle A 8 r in called the trm tmomaly, A * U called the Mem 

 gfumalv, and A r Q the rfrrflrir anomaly. In speaking of the KIIH c,r 

 the m.i>n, it i thr earth which i* supposed to be at R, and the mm or 

 moon at r. Alan, in speaking of the satellite* of Jupiter or Saturn, 

 the planet in supposed to be at S, and the satellite at r. K..I n double 

 star, one star i* supposed to be at R, and the other to revolve round it. 

 The determination of cither two anomalies from the third, is a 

 problem of considerable ilillifiilty. the discussion of which may IK- 

 found in any mathematical work on astronomy. 



ANTA<'fl>s. from thr Greek word and', against, and the Latin word 

 aritlmu. an acid, signify means used to correct acidity in the stomach. 

 Though liydrochloric acid (formerly called muriatic acid, or spirit of 

 salt) in present in a free (tale in the stomach during the procees of 

 healthy digestion, yet under particular circumstances it in apt to be 

 generated in excess; so aim lactic acid. Other acids, such a* butyric. 

 acetic, carbonic, ftc., are also occasionally evolved in the M 

 probably from the fermentation of the article*, an vegetables and fruit* 

 of different kinds, by which the acetic acid is produced, or introduced 

 ready formed, in wines or hard beer; and in certain vegetables, ns 

 sorrel. wliU-h rontaina oxalic acid. The most frequent source of acidity 

 is that first mentioned, the secretion of acid by the vessels of the 

 stomach. It is therefore dependent upon constitutional causes, or the 

 state of the system generally. This is further proved by considering 

 what kind of persons are most subject to it; these are individuals 

 either naturally of a feeble and weak constitution, or who have 

 weakened the stomach and system generally by excessive indulgence in- 

 <jood tiring, as it is tanned, that is, too much animal food ami wine. 

 unaccompanied by exercise n' interacting measures. Hence. 



we see these persons, or their children, and even their children's 

 children, subject to gout or gravel, and stone in the bladder. As it hi* 

 been ascertained (see the works of Mr. Murray Forbes, ' A Treatise on 

 Gravel and Oout,' 1786; Wilson Philip, Marcet, Blane, Front, ami 

 Majendiet that these painful diseases have their origin in the tendency 

 of the stomach to the formation of an excess of acid, an inquiry 

 into the causes of this and the circumstances under which it takes 

 place, is of great importance as a means of preventing or counteracting 

 them. 



When an excess of acid is introduced into the blood it occasions 

 much irritation of the system generally, and the composition of tin 

 blood being different from its natural constitution, the secretions 

 formed from it are unhealthy, proving n further source of disease. In 

 consequence of the composition of the blood being altered, matters 

 usually held in solution by it can no longer be kept in that st 

 are precipitated : hence we have r/,<itl- tt'ma, as they are termed, former 

 around the joint" in gout, and calculi, or itones of different kinds, in the 

 kidney or bladder. 



The signs or symptoms of acid l>eing in excess are not in genera 

 limited to the stomach, but show themselves in several parts of the 

 liodv. There is heartburn (cardialgia), often followed by eructation 

 and rejection by the mouth of a fluid so extremely acid as to cause 

 effervescence when it falls on a marble stone ; the urine generally 

 scanty and high coloured, from which, on standing, a sediment falls 

 down"; the skin dry. harsh, and often affected with eruptions o 

 different kinds ; and the mind of the patient fretful, and much given 

 to take gloomy views of his health or circumstances, in short . d 

 hypochondriacal. 



The medicinal means of remedying this state are all alkaline, either 

 ire alkalies or some combination of them, such as solution o 

 potash, or carbonates of soda, potash, magnesia, ammonia, or lime 

 Where the bowels are not disordered, but the urine denotes that the 

 excess of acid mostly finds an outlet l.y that channel, the prc|>aration 

 of potash and soda are to be preferred. Where the bowels are mm -1 

 confined, magnesia or it* prej :-ivcii in conjunction itl 



rhubarb. Nothing is more hurtful than the frequent use of magnesi 

 alone, it being apt to accumulate in the l.ov.d-. In the case of an indi 

 vidnal much addicted to its use, a mass of it was found after deatl 

 lodged in the large intestines, which weighed six pound*. If. on th 

 other hand, the bowels be in a loose state, prepared chalk may I >c given 

 with advantage, or lime-water, which U a very useful addition to mil" 

 where, from excess of acid, it disagrees, and hence most service.il 1. r. 

 weak childn-i i . Should the mind be much depressed, or general languor c 

 the system exist, and no state of stomach be present forbidding its use 

 ammonia in some form may lie exhibited. 



Such are the medicines by which the effects of an excess of acid ma 

 lie in some degree counteracted ; but the most efficient means of |.|. 

 it- formation consist in a strict attention to diet and regimci 

 Great moderation must be observed in the quantity as well as cjualit 

 of the food and drink. The plainest and most digestible animal fo< 

 should be taken once, or at the utmost twice a day, and sparing!; 

 Hard-boiled puddings and dumplings must be avoided. Toast an 

 water, or soda-water, or well-fermented beer, or rydrr. are prefcm l-l 



as drink* to wine or ardent spirits; the only one of which last that can 

 allowed in Hollands, and never but under particular < irvunuitanoet, 

 and with the sanction of a medical adviser. 



Regular exercise, friction, and every means, such as flannel next the 

 tin, which can keep up a free action of the skin, form a most important 

 art of thr prophylactic treatment. 



ANT.. This is a term used by architects to designate the pirr- 

 ormed ends of a wall, as in the terminations of the lateral walls in a 

 Ireek temple, where a plain face returns on each side, having 



in general projiortion to the columns with which 

 The ante (for the word is used alike in the singular and in the 

 lural) has a ntuld< d and ..tli.-i v . and 



eiienilly a moulded l>ase. In the simple (inek lioii. style or order, 

 oth the cap ami the liase-moulding are of few part 

 ncnts are few, and are confined to tho mouldings, which may ! . 

 arved or )nunted ; but in the i, 



lie cap and base of the antic are in proportion deeper, are In a greater 

 umlier of parts, and have extrinsic ornament*, beside* the carving or 

 taintiiiK of the moulding* of the cup. and the fluting or reeding of 

 if the base. The airt of the foliated or Corinthian tj -.-till 



urther enrichment, though the hold foliage and diagonal volutes of 

 the capital of the column should never ! placed on the square faces 

 and sharp angles of the ant. c. Tin moulded raps and bases of antirare, 

 n Greek works, generally continued along the flank walls so as to form 

 he cornice and base of the whole wall, and not of the protruded faces 

 >f its ends alone. In Roman work*, and in modem imitati- 

 ireaka are often made on the face of a wall with the caps and bases of 

 intir, but more frequently with those of colun 

 Clusters, though ind<v<l 



>r anta. In classical Greek, and in the best lloman works, anttr and 

 nlosters are never either diminished or fluted. [TEMPI.F..] 



ANTAGONIST Vrsci.K. from ixrl, against, and frymrffaioi. to 

 strive a muscle, the action of which ia opposed to that of 

 muscle. Muscles ore the instruments by which, in the animal 

 notion is effected. The object of each muscle is to produce some 

 specific motion : among the various motions which are needed in the 

 mim.-il economy, it necessarily happen:- that some are ->orite 



o others, and the muscles which accomplish these directly opposite 

 movement* are said to be with relation to each other aola;t 

 When any part of the body is placed lietwern muscles which have an 

 opposite or antagonising action, the result of the combined 

 of such muscles is to keep that part steadily in a certain position. 

 The form and position of the human mouth, for example, arc main- 

 tained, such as they arc, in a state of health and during repose of 

 features, by a number of muscles, composing th- lips and cheeks, 

 the action of some of which is directly contrary to that of others : the 

 natural figure and position of the mouth may, therefore, be trnl 

 to be the result of the combined action of a numlier of antagonising 



. The consequence of the disturbance of this antagonising 

 tction is to change the natural form and position of the mouth. Tin 

 is shown by the effect of paralysis when it affects one side of the face. 

 Paralysis is a disease depriving the muscle of ite power of acting. In 

 paralysis of one side of the face, the muscles of that side arc deprived 

 of their power of acting ; and the consequence is, that the muscles 

 of the other side, which retain their usual |iower, pull the mouth to 

 their side, because they do with the resistance which 



formerly opposed their effort to do this. Hence comes distoi ; 

 the mouth; and distortion is one of the most frequent and striking 

 signs of apoplexy and paralysis, a sign dependent, it is obvious, on the 



;lie antagonising IHIWCI- of the muscles of that part , 

 in which the distortion takes place. Sometimes th- of a 



part is put in opposition to a muscle, and becomes the antagoi 

 power. The elasticity of the ribs, of the windpipe, of the arteries, may 

 be so considered. 



ANTALKALIES, from anil, against, and alMi. an alkali 

 ..I' counteracting the presence of alkalies in tin' system. An alkaline 

 condition of the system is not an unusual occurrence, and leads 

 long continued or extreme, to -consequences. The M 



these is the formation of n tin' bladder denomi- 



natcd photphatei. A tendency to this state exists in most weak indi- 

 viduals hence, most commonly in children, o!, 

 It may also be brought on by any can M hi. li 

 rary or general debility. The pievalcnce ,.i' the depress! i. 

 as fear, anxiety, or any other which KI. "f the 



system, the frequent and continued -uy. of powerful 



lives in sickly frames, injuries of the back, or tl 



acid state of the system, will occasionally an alkaline 



state of the system, which, when considerable, shows itself by great 

 general debility, pale countenance, deranged state ot 



. and execs on of urine of a [Kile colour, which, on 



standing, makes a white deposit. To cur- and prc\e*it tin' ret urn of 

 such a state, the causes must, as far U possible, be removed. This is 

 best done by did and appropriate medicines. Th. 



should IK' nourishing', mostly animal food, but taken in moderation; 

 and where wine is u-'-d. light Fren, h or Ithem'sh should be pn ' 

 hard water should : avoided : saline purgatives, as Rochclle 



salts or seidlit* powders, and indeed all combinations of 

 ncid witli'nn alkaline bnse,mtch as the common saline draught, mnrt be 



