M7 



AXTHELMIXTICS. 



AXTHF.M 



are not under the influence of the medicine* Urine. I a*ilrlmiiitif*. and 

 we therefor* lemre them unnoticed here. 



r kind of worm prteent in 



the intestinal canal, and to regulate thereby our treatment, it U 

 proper to mention that the maw, or thread worm, and Urge round 

 worm, are moat common in youth, and the tape-worm in adult age. 



From what hat been said above, the principle* of treatment may 

 readily be deduced : >ha*a are, to strengthen the individual, and 

 weaken the worm*, which facilitate* their expuUion, and diminishe* 

 the tendency to their formation. Thi* la*t U a point of great practical 

 importance ; for not only i* it of little UK tu expel worm* already 

 existing in the intestine*, unlou we remove the tendency or disposition 

 to their production, but, very frequently, many of the article* iucon- 

 iideratelv adu>ini*tered (which however are regarded as valuable 

 aiithelmintics, beoauae, l>y their o|ration, they bring away worm-l. 

 often do more harm to the individual who take* them than t<- tin- 

 worm*. It i* clear that all article* which by their sharp angles 

 merely irritate the worm* must do much more injury to the inner 

 coat of the stomach and intestine*, and cannot possibly be introduced 

 or insinuated between the mouths of the niml and the surface to 

 which they are attached. The woodcut (.*'</. 4) nhowg by what a 

 number of hooks the tape-mri* attache* itself to the gut. When we 

 nee these, need we wonder at the difficulty of expelling this formida- 

 ble and most determined ]>ara*ite ? 



The means employed to effect the ends propooed are very numerous, 

 but reducible to three heads : namely, those which by increaHing the 

 peristaltic motion of the intestines, displace the worms, and often 

 occasion their expulsion, a* purgative medicine* of ditli-rrnt kind- ; 

 those which tend to increase the strength of the stomach and intes- 

 tine*, and system generally, as tonics, or analeptics ; and lastly, th<we 

 which are conceived to act in an esjiecial manner on the worms, dis- 

 lodging, weakening, or killing them or anthelmiutics, in the strict 

 sense of tlio word. Our means must be varied, for not only ore the 

 different kinds of worms limited to different part* of the intextinal 

 canal, and the H|>ecie* of worms infesting it different at different 

 periods of life, but particular substances are found to be nn in- 

 efficacious against one species than against other*. 



As a part of the general treatment of worms, purgative* are indis- 

 pensable, and those should be selected which bring away the greatest 

 quantity of slime ; but the frequent repetition of guch is inexpedient. 

 Calomel with jalap, or scammony may be given, with the interval of 

 two days between each dose, two or three times, followed by tartratc 

 of antimony in very small doses for a week : this may be succeeded 

 by aloes, with antun.oii.il powder, which last being laid aside, ]iie|aia- 

 tions of iron alone, or with gentian and canella, may be united with the 

 aloes. This plan may be pursued, whatever be the kind of worm 

 supposed to be present, being merely intended to improve the general 

 health of the itient. When the strength is somewhat increased, 

 cold, which is very pernicious to the worms, may be added to our 

 means of cure, and employed in various ways. Large quantities of 

 cold water, rendered still colder by dissolving in it, immediately before 

 drinking, a quantity of table-salt, or muriate of soda, may be taken. 

 Sea-water may also be drunk with great benefit. 



Among our purgative means we must not omit to mention sulphate 

 of potass and rhubarb, to which if there be nervous symptoms present, 

 Huch as a tendency to epilepsy or hysteria, valerian may be advan- 

 tageously added. Different mineral waters are of great service, par- 

 ticularly in the treatment of the maw-worm. These both remove the 

 t*lime in whirh the worms nestle, and diminish the tendency to its 

 formation. With this view we may have recourse to the waters of 

 Cheltenham, and above all, to the sulphureous springs of Harrogate, 

 followed by chalybeate* there, or at Tuubridge. 



The means of strengthening the digestive organs, consist of tonic 

 and astringent medicines, both vegetable and mineral. Vegetable 

 bitters are doubly advantageous, since they both strengthen the 

 stomach, and prove direct poisons to the worms : of these, the best are 

 rhamotnile tea, and infusion of quassia, or gentian, to which muriatic 

 r tincture of muriate of iron maybe added; for children the 

 tartrite of ir..n. being almost tasteless, is advisable. The utility 

 of vegetable bitters is proved by the fact, that wherever the Mrny- 

 nuih'i tri/otiata (boy-btan), or the tormentil, grows, however damp 

 the pastures may be, the rot never infests the sheep. A similar 

 immunity from the rot is generally enjoyed by sheep fed on the salt 

 uiarshe*, or where nit is regularly mixed with their food. (See 

 ' Reports of Lord Somerville.') The omiiwion of a proper quantity of 

 rait with our food favours the engendering of worms. The great 

 tendency to the formation of worms in Holland has been mentioned, 

 and when the "ancient laws of that country ordained men to be kept on 

 bread alone, unmirtd tcilJitalt, as the tctrrat punishment that could he 

 inflicted upon them in their moist climate, the effect was horrible ; the 

 wretched criminals are said to have been dfrouretl by worms." The 

 medicine* enumerated constitute the most effectual means of prevent- 

 ing the return of worms ; those which follow are deemed the best for 

 expelling particular kinds of worms. The tape-worm (Tania lulium} 

 a almost invariably expelled dead, by a large dose of oil of tin-pent in. : 

 and eren the tony round worm is influenced by it in somewhat smaller 

 dose*. Scarcely any other article need be employed, unless the din 

 agreeable smell and taste be objected to, when the Braycra antlielmintica, 



KOUMO, should be given as at once safe and efficacious : we 

 naturally expect this result, since it belong* to the same natural family 

 tribe a* the tormentil, namely, the fiotactct. The root of the pome- 

 granate is much esteemed in India. No reliance should be placed on 

 the root of the male fern, a* it in only useful against the llnlhrin- 

 ttjAaltu lalHi. or brtmil tape-iron*, which, though common in S 

 land, is rare in Britain. 



The IUM;I rotmd worm is almost invariably expelled by the Sftii/rlia 

 tiri/liinilini. or Indian pink, which Iwlougs to the same natural 

 family as the bog-bean, or water trefoil, namely, the (inllamr. The 

 (l.rfiHm, or maw-worms, are the most troublesome to the patient, and 

 the most difficult to remove, as medicines taken by the mouth are too 

 much altered before reaching the rectum to produce any great effect ; 

 compound chalk powder, which contains tormentil, is very useful. 

 After the employment of the alwve-nn i . ml measure*, we 



should use local means only. The intolerable itching which they 

 occasion about the rectum, is best relieved by a lavement of .- 

 A lavement of very cold water, or lime-water, may lie useful, if, after it, 

 a portion of aloe* be introduced, and left to dissolve in the K..V..I 

 Injections of tobacco, and the use of all such dangerous articles as 

 bear's-foot (ffrllebona f&idtu), are to be avoided. The same may U- 

 said of tin-filings, cowhage, and all things which can aet . n!\ ,- 

 mecliauical irritants. 



I 



1, Two joints of the Tania lolium, tupc-worm, magnified, in one of which arc 

 >een the numerous ova, or eggs, a. The oviduct by which they ptu out. 

 2. Some of the egg*, much magnified. S. Head of the animal, seen in 

 front to show the mouth in the centre, surrounded by a circle of hook*, 

 and the four sucker*, a, a, a, a, of which two are alternately protrud<>d, 

 and two retracted. 4. The mouth with its hooks, i. Two of the hooks 

 very greatly magnified. 6. A sucker, much mainlined. 



ANTHEM, in music, was originally a simple hymn, or kind of psalm- 

 tune, sung alternately by the two sides of the choir. The term is now . 

 however, applied to compositions in use in all our choirs, set to 

 from the Psalms, or to any portion of the Scriptures or Liturgy ; and 

 the anthem may be for one, two, or any number of voices, but rarely 

 exceeds five parts. [Axripuoxr.] 



There are three kinds of anthem, namely, verse ; full, with verse ; 

 and full. The first, which is solo, or duet, &c., has only one voice to a 

 part, and, requiring nicety of execution, is generally assigned 

 best siygers in the choir. The second, consisting chiefly of eh. 

 sung by the whole choir, but the verse part* by single voiees. '!'!.. 

 third is chonis wholly, and ]>erformed by all the voices. 



The English school has always excelled in the compositi 

 anthems. Tallin led the way in full anthems, and \\a immediately 

 followed by Birdc and Kan-ant. Their harmony is quaint, but inde- 

 scribably solemn, and in true keeping with the iJothic structures 

 wherein it was first heard. Orlando Gibbons soon succeeded those 

 masters, and in the same kind of anthem but highly elaborated, and 

 enriched with whatever florid counterpoint could supply brought 

 forth works that have always been, and must ever continue to be, 

 admired, not. for their ingenuity only, but their effect. Blow was one 

 of the first to introduce the verse anthem, but his compositions, dry 

 and stiff, are become nearly obsolete. Purcell. his pupil, j>i, 

 nunieioiii anthems, some few of them exhibiting striking lx-auti> 

 much grandeur of conception ; but the majority, being written in the 

 manner of his master, are more learned than pleasing. Micha< i 

 and Jeremiah Clark made our cathedrals acquainted with natural and 

 pathetic mcl<ly. Croft, Greene, Boyce, and Nares, in anthem 

 the three specien, united air and harmony, genius and learning, in 

 a manner mixjualli .1 ; though it is to be regretted that their 



