369 



A'NTHEMIS NO'BILIS. 



ANTHROPOMORPHISM. 



3/0 



are little known, except where choir service is performed, and seldom 

 heard, in our parochial churches and other places of worship. 



A'NTHEMIS NWBILIS ( COMMON or ROMAN CHAMOMILE) Medical 

 Properties of. This is au indigenous plant, frequent on our commons ; 

 but the flowers used in medicine are generally obtained from cultivated 

 plants. Of these there are two kinds, the single or semi-double, and 

 the perfectly double. The doubling of the flowers is attended with a 

 lessening of their virtues, as the single are more aromatic, and contain 

 more volatile oil, which resides in the yellow tubular florets of the 

 disk. Their excellence may be determined by the beautiful whiteness 

 of the radiant florets, the yellowness of those of the disk, and the 

 strength of the aroma and taste. 



Those which are brown, mouldy, and faintly smelling, should be 

 rejected. They contain a volatile oil of a beautiful blue colour, 

 camphor (?), a gum resinous principle, and a small quantity of tannin. 



The difference both of taste and smell, the diversity of the oil, and 

 the absence of the camphor-like principle, show the impropriety of 

 substituting for the Antkemis the flowers of the Mutricarica Chamo- 

 mllla (or Feverfew). In this genus the receptacle is naked, in the 

 Anthauii it is paleaceous. besides, the flowers are smaller, and of an 

 unpleasant smell. The flowers should be gathered before they fully 

 expand. The forms of exhibition are, powder, infusion, extract, and oil. 



( 'hamomile is an excellent bitter and tonic agent. Given in powder, 

 or pill, or extract, with addition of a few drops of the oil, it its of great 

 service in dyspepsia, atonic gout, and in intermittent fevers. The 

 infusion may be made the vehicle for alkalies or acids. 



The infusion when tepid is emetic, and may be given beneficially in 

 dyspepsia, and at the commencement of catarrh (particularly influenza), 

 and hooping-cough. 



The decoction is an objectionable form, as it dissipates the oil. 

 Even the infusion should be made with cold water. A most grateful 

 aperient for weak dyspeptic patients i made by steeping senna leaves, 

 chamomile flowers, and a very few cardamoms for ten hours in cold 

 water, straining, and adding to the infusion any saline medicine required. 

 The extract possesses valuable tonic properties, but in preparing it the 

 volatile oil is dissipated, which deprives it of aroma. This may be 

 restored to it by adding a few drops of the volatile oil. Extract of 

 chamomile, with sulphate of quinine and the volatile oil, furnishes a 

 combination of immense power in improving the appetite and aiding 

 the digestion in convalescences from acute diseases, or after an attack 

 of gout. 



Infusion of chamomile, either warm or cold, furnishes an excellent 

 application to weak eyes, or after exposure to the wind in travelling, 

 especially by railroads. This used early will often ward off inflam- 

 mation. 



A'NTHEMIS (or ANACYCLUS) PYRETHRUM Medical Pro,M-- 

 t'u* i,f. Pellitory of Spain grows in the south of Europe, north of 

 Africa, and in Syria, but the root of another variety, Pyrethrnm, Willd. 

 native of Germany, is also met with. The first is called the Roman or 

 true Pellitory, the latter the German; this is necessary to be known, 

 as the chemical analysis varies considerably. Gautier seems to have 

 analysed the Roman, and found it to contain 



An acrid fixed oil or resin (Pyrethrin) . . . 5 



Volatile oil (a trace) 



Yellow extractive 14 



Gum 



In nl in 



Muriate of lime (a trace) 



Woody matter 



Loss 



. 11 

 . 33 



. . 35 

 . 2 



100 



It is devoid of smell, and though it does not at first excite any 

 sensation in the mouth, it is followed by a pungent taste, and flow of 

 saliva. 



Its use is confined to local affections of the mouth, whether sub- 

 inflammatory or paralytic. In rigidity of the muscles of the jaw, or 

 rheumatic pains, from exposure to currents of air, chewing this is 

 often of great service. An infusion may be held in the mouth, also, 

 in toothache from cold. A tincture may be formed of it, which 

 would be a useful agent in paralysis of the stomach, added to the 

 infusion. 



ANTHO'LOGY, a compound Greek word, used metaphorically, sig- 

 nifying " a Garland of Flowers," viz., of poetry, and consisting of short 

 poems on amatory, convivial, moral, funereal, monumental, descrip- 

 tive, dedicatory, satirical, and humorous subjects. Their charac- 

 teristic merit consists in the just expression of a single thought with 

 brevity and jioetic beauty. The term anthuloyij is peculiarly appro- 

 priated to a collection of Greek epigrams, taking the word not in the 

 confined sense in which we now use it, for a pointed and witty conceit, 

 but in the more enlarged and literal acceptation, of an inscription. The 

 earliest and closest application of the term epigram was to certain 

 short sentences inscribed on offerings in the temples. Inscriptions on 

 buildings in general, on the statues of gods, heroes, living or dead 

 men, next came under the denomination. They might be either in 

 verge or prose. A moral precept, or the main bearing of a law, was 

 embodied in this convenient form. Hence every little poem, present- 



ARTS AND SCI. DIV. VOL. I. 



ing one distinct idea or insulated argument, gradually acquired the 

 title of epigram. The largest portion of those collected in the Greek 

 Anthology was written in honour of the dead, introducing their names 

 and characters, or occupations ; or as tributes to beauty, in gratitude 

 for acceptance, or in complaint on account of rejection ; some of them 

 are panegyrics on living and illustrious virtue ; others contain brief 

 records of remarkable events ; others again consist of observations on 

 human life, for the most part in a dark style of colouring. 



Meleager the Syrian, whose exact date seems difficult to fix, lived 

 probably somewhat less than a century before the Christian era, and 

 is generally understood to have first collected the scattered fragments 

 of the Grecian inscriptive muse. Its interest mainly arises from its 

 being a record of the intellectual vigour of Greece in its declining 

 days, when her energy, whether in arms or in arts, had become less 

 active, but had not entirely died away. 



Philip of Thessalonica continued the work about the time of Tibe- 

 rius. The additional compositions were less interesting, but still 

 pleasing. In the sixth century Agathias collected the miscellaneous 

 fragments of his time, and added his own contributions to the expiring 

 muses of Greece. The bent of his own mind towards poetry seems to 

 have been strong ; in early youth he had produced a collection of 

 amorous poems, entitled ' Daphniaca,' which would have done honour 

 to better times. He had a coadjutor in his friend Paul the Silentiary 

 (an officer in the court of Justinian, corresponding to the modern 

 gentleman-usher), whose topics were desultory, and his style that of the 

 courtier and the voluptuary. From the decay of manuscripts and the 

 zeal of the clergy in the dark ages against all works of imagination 

 or of gaiety, our present collection, although large, has lost many of 

 its brightest and earliest ornaments ; and it so happens, that it retains 

 more pieces from the compilation of Agathias, than from that of his 

 two predecessors conjointly. 



In the 10th century, Constantinus Cephalas saved these manuscripts 

 from oblivion by re-editing them. Maximus Planudes, a monk of the 

 14th century, was the last collector. The first printed edition of 

 the ' Anthologia ' was that of Lascaris, accompanied with some Greek 

 verses by the editor, and a Latin epistle to Pietro de Medici. It bears 

 the date of Florence, 1494. Claude de Saumaise, better known to the 

 world by the Latin name of Salmasius, and to Englishmen as the 

 antagonist of Milton, who lived in the 16th and the first half of 

 the 17th centuries, detected the unfitness of Planudes for tho duties 

 of an editor, by the discovery, in 1606, of a MS. in the library 

 of Heidelberg. During the 18th century, Suidas and the manuscripts 

 in the public libraries of Europe were ransacked, and a valuable 

 booty of epigrams, undiscovered or rejected by Planudes, enriched the 

 ' Analecta ' of Brunck and the ' Authologia ' of Jacobs. The former 

 work, ' Analecta Veterum Poetarum Gnecorum,' is contained in three 

 volumes, octavo, Strasburg, 1772-6: the latter in thirteen volumes, 

 octavo, Leipzig, 1794-1814. The edititiou of Jacobs is the latest, and 

 best : but there is much matter strictly applicable to this purpose 

 still left unedited. There are some inscriptions, for instance, in the 

 Elgin collection of the British Museum, that ought to be added to any 

 future edition. 



A volume of translations, chiefly from the Greek ' Anthology,' was 

 published in 1806 by Messrs. Bland and Merivale, with contributions 

 from other gentlemen. Subsequent editions have been since pub- 

 lished, in which the superfluities of the preceding ones are removed, and 

 a number of additional specimens, many of them by younger transla- 

 tors, are introduced : and in this state the work may be recommended 

 as presenting a very elegant and faithful specimen of the original Greek 

 Anthology, and one which is not likely to be surpassed. (For ,1 full 

 account of the editions, &c., of the Anthology, see Schoell, ' Geschichte 

 der Griech. Litt.' vol. iii.) 



ANTHRACIN. [PARANAPHTHALIN.] 



ANTHRANILIC ACID. [PHENYL ; CARBAMIC ACID.] 



ANTHROPO'GRAPHY, a term designed to express the object of 

 one branch of physical geography. 



The object of anthropography, which literally signifies laini-iictcriji- 

 tivn, is, to describe the actual geographical distribution of the human 

 race ; to classify it according to the varieties of physical character and 

 language ; to distinguish between nations or tribes which have the 

 same general physical character and speak the same language, and 

 nations or tribes which seem to belong to one stock, and have from 

 circumstances adopted the language of another stock ; to describe 

 briefly the religious and domestic xisages which constitute the basis of 

 national character. 



The term ethnography (nation-description) is sometimes used by 

 German writers in the sense which we have given to authropography ; 

 though, as far as we have observed, when so used, the word ethno- 

 graphy is rather more limited in its signification than that which we 

 have assigned to anthropography. Some German writers use also the 

 word VsOctrl-unde (people-knowledge) as an equivalent to ethnography. 

 But ethnography has of late years been rather used to express an 

 historical investigation into the origin and migrations and connection 

 of various peoples. Taking it in this sense, ethnography in purely of 

 an historical character, and may be considered as distinct from anthro- 

 pogrnphy. A series of anthropographies, of different epoclis, would 

 form the true basis of ethnography. 



ANTHROPOMORPHISM, a compound Greek word, literally 



