sn 



ANTHROPOPHAGI. 



AXTI1 



signifying" the representation of human form:" but it u pioperly 

 used to signify the I spuesutaUmi of divinity under a human form ; 

 and the nations or sects who have followed this practice have been 

 sometime* called Anthropoinorphite*. The Egyptians represented 

 deities under human forms, as well as those of animals, and sometime* 

 under a combination of the two. The ancient Persians, as Hrni. i .u- 

 > fi. 131), adored the Supreme Being under no visible form of 

 .vn creation, but they wonJiipprd on the tops of mountains, and 

 sacrificed to the sun and m.-.n. t.. earth, tire, water, and the winds. 

 The Hebrew! were forbidden iKx-l. -\ . .ike any image or 



tbe representation of any animated being wha' 



The Qreeka were essentially unihropamornhiate, and could never 

 separate the idea of iu]>eriur powers from the representation of them 

 under a human form : hence, in their mythology and in their arts, 

 each deity hod his distinguishing attributes and a characteristic human 

 shape. Painters in modern times have, in Roman < ,.-. 



represented both the First and Second Persons of the Trinity under a 

 human form : in Protestant countries our Saviour is usually only so 

 mprosantnd during his sojourn on earth, though individual i-ainters 

 have represented the risen and glorified Saviour. 



Anthropomorphism is also the name of a sect of early Christians. 



ANTilROPOl'IIAiil. ; CANNIBALS.] 



. I AltlX '',,H J0 0, I1 >, the poisonous principle of the I'jituaxliar. 

 It forma small pearly crystals, soluble in 27 parts of boiling water, and 

 also in alcohol and ether ; it cannot be sublimed without decomposition. 

 Introduced into a wound, it rapidly brings on vomiting, convulsion*, 

 and death. The gum resin from which it ia extracted is used by the 

 Javanese for poisoning their arrows. 



According to Mulder, this gum -resin contains 



Vegetable albumen 16'14 



Cum 



Resin 



Myricinc 



Antiarin 



Sugar 



Extractive matter .... 



ros 



0-31 

 3370 



! . I-QO 



ASTI-ATTRITION, ia a preparation used to lessen friction in 

 machinery, and also to prevent iion from rusting. It ia made by 

 grinding black lead with four time* it* weight of lord or tallow, and 

 adding a little camphor to the mixture. 



I ii H1UST ('AITIX/MOTOJ) means, literally, the opponent of the 

 anointed, or of the Messiah. The name of Antichrist was given b\ 

 Jews and Christians to the great enemy of true religion, who shall, 

 according to the Holy Scriptures, appear before the coming of the 

 llessiah in glory. 



The name of Antichrist occurs in the New Testament only in the 

 first two epistles of St. John : thus, 1 Epist. U. 18, 22, St. John says, 

 " He ia antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son ; " and in chap, 

 iv. 3, " Every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the 

 flesh U not of God : and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye 

 have heard that it should come ; and even now already is in the world." 

 See also 2 Kpist. 7. St. Paul calls Antichrist that MOM "/ '// . the son of 

 ]>erdition ; who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that in called 

 Ciod, or that is worshipped ; so that he sitteth in the temple of God, 

 showing himself that he is God. That Wicked " whom the Lord shall 

 consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the 

 brightness of his coming :" " whose coming is after the working of 

 Satan, with nil power and signs and lying wonders." 2 Thess. ii. 

 Kmblematical descriptions of Antichrist occur in the twelfth and 

 thirteenth chapters of the I'evdations. 



AXTIIilroMAItlAXlTKS (from two Greek words signifying 

 ti'lrcrmri/, and Mary), a sect of so-called heretics, whose peculiar 

 belief was tliat Mary the mother of our Saviour did not continue a 

 virgin after his birth, as the Hoinan Catholic Church asserts that she 

 did to the end of her life, but bore other children to her husband 

 Joseph. The founders or first preachers of Antidiconwrianiti-m were 

 il.-lvidiiH and .loviniaii, two Roman theologians of the latter part of the 

 'itury, the latter of whom is also charged with vaiiou- other 

 heresies. The original account* of Hclvidius ami .lovinian, and of 

 tlieir opinions, are to lie found in the writings of Augn-t in . .I.-T.HMC. 

 and Kpiph.inins, who were their contomjHirnries. 



AX'I'llioTKS, from two Greek words, signifying, girtn ; 

 the means of counteracting the effects of poisons. Tin- term ,'<',. >,,t, 

 had fonnerly a much wider signification, and w.w applied to the 

 remedies for diseases occurring from natural cause*, sa well as to the 

 remedies for the derangement! of the functions arising from th 

 introduction into the system of a known andniatcri.il .nbtl. -< 



every disease may be looked upon as springing from some poi 

 fever* from an altered and unhealthy state of the atn 

 eruptive and contagious diseases from the vitiated fluids or breath of 

 one individual communicated to another, as mnall pox. and h 

 cough. Thfe opinion M expresMdby the employment of the tenn ririm, 

 orpoifOH, to signify the immediate cause of mich disease*; as when we 

 speak of tbe small-pox virus, or the vaccine virtu. 



Uut ai. in lit- i.i nt day, the v : ,]y to signify 



the term, whe 

 fication, it is e 



racting the effects of poisons, strictly so called, we 

 W lalious to what ia properly comprehended under 

 loyed in this sense. \Vhu. signi- 



necessary that we should limit the appticat 



iwever, extremely, I't'BfnH to define what a 

 poiaoo is. Koderrf oonsidora poison! to be " those substances known to 

 be capable of rapidly altering or destroying some or all of the fin 



Tliis must IK' understood t nitm- 



(her accidentally . intentionally . u I 



suffering, or criiniiwlly on tiio part of otbsn) Into the l-ly when in 

 the usual state of health ; for there are certain diseased conditions of 

 the system, which seem to i ruder it inca|iable of bring injii' 

 affected by doses of medicines which at another time would speedily 

 destroy life ; and other states, such ns when the bo.lv i- un.' 

 iufiuence of one poison, where another proven the 'most effectual 

 remedy or antidote. This bitter state is strikingly exemplified in the 

 case of the lute. of the l'nlnl>rr farlnalim, a species of snake common in 

 tin' West Indies, during thu state, of stu) or or insensibility or* -a 

 by which, a large quantity of arsenic may be given, mi only with 

 .safety, l>ut with such advantage that the recovery of tbe patient may 

 be considered as owing solely to it. 



To acquire a .correct idea of the different ways in which | 

 operate in destroying life, we must be mode nw.m- tli.it \-.' 

 nioiily regard as an nitlii-iilinil, is made up of a numU-r ..f .. 

 organs, whieh, though in some ivs|H'ct< imle|>eiideiit "f each otl. 

 exert a n-rip:.ieal iutluem >>. tl- harmonious pl.'y of the wh il. 

 necessary to the e-iiiUnr. ..f the prineiple 



and that a cessation of the functions of any one of the more ini|>ortant 

 organs necessitates the successive HU-]K";-',,H ..,- i|,,- rest. Th< 

 essential of these are consequently denominated i 

 viz., the circulation, respiration, and innervation. The circuliii 

 red or arterial blood through the system, but especially tin -onj;h tin: 

 nervous inatter f the luain and spinal chord, is essential 

 existence of the vit.il j>ro|KTties, and due performance of the fun 

 of the different oi -#ans which eireuhtion is effected by the ad 

 the heart, while, to render the blood arterial, respiration is necessary, 

 and this is effected by the /;/</., assisted by a gi-eat numlK-rof u. 

 the oo-o|ieration, or simultatieo\iM action of whieh is occasioned bythr 

 influence of the tjiiiml cli'inl, din id ,1 or intluencwl by the 

 Now, certain jwimins act either solely on one of these organ 

 t'liin 'tioiis, or upon two or three, but always in an ascertained onlrr , r 

 uniform succession. Oxalic acid (or the acid of sugar, as it is pi.pu- 

 larly called I, for example, in a small dose, acts first on the brain and 

 spinal chord, but in a larger dose also affect* the heart : in the i 

 case, the respiration will be perceptibly interfered with, while the 

 heart will go on acting for some time: in the litter case, both will 

 cease at the same moment. Recovery, therefore, is much more pro. 

 balile in the first instance than in the second: f.. r we can carry on 

 artijirial respiration till the brain and spinal chord have resum 

 exercise of their functions; but if, as in the second instance, the heart 

 also has ceased to act, recovery is impossible. 



An arrangement of poisons according to their mode of action, th.it 

 is, according to the order in which the vital functions are succc 

 affected and destroyed by them, would be of great utility ill regulating 

 our treatment, teaching us when to be content with the employment of 

 antidotes alone, and when to employ supplementary means, as arti- 

 ficial respiration, blood-letting, ie. At present we can only make an 

 approximation to such an arr.m n n;. 



Another point of consequence is the settlement of the question, Do 

 poisons act solely on the sentient extremities of the nerves of t! 

 to which they are applied, and influence remote organs, only by 

 sympathy, or are they abnurlicd into the circulating fluids, and by them 

 carried to the or,L r - suspended luiictions show 



them to be markedly affected by them f Without entering into thin 

 dispute, it may be stated that some poisons act in 

 in tin- other way. and a few in both. Of these, the first 

 most formidable and the most speedy in tlieir action, allowing little 

 (or tin' einployiii'-nt of antidote!. 



at a "t, but with different degrees of violence and speed, 

 whatever part of the body they are applied to; others, again, only 

 when received into the stomach or intestines; while some, such as the 

 I the \ij.v, lire quite powerless when swallowed. <>f all p.ill-i 

 of the bodv. the brain and nervous ., the le.'ist susceptible 



of the action Of poison*, wlUD applied directly to them, though 



uiMin by so many poisons when applied 



With respect U) the 1< tlieir direct 



n the part to which the;, .!iii>o.sc chemically, 



the structure of (corrode) the pjrt which they ton, ; 



they ore called ror. : j : Mtoktnthi mineral acids, of which 



sulphuric, ,,r oil of vitri. lh local 



:,nyoftli. i ..inons act speedily u|H.n remote organs, 



the impaired function of which may l-cconie a -v.urce of greater danger 



i of the port first attacked. 



Oth, .ithout immediately altering the structure of the 



part, irritate [I v. hich it is alter.il, and 



the geii' ' d, as it would be by intlamnntion (.f the same 



part arising from any other cause- oven when the poisonous substance 

 does not produce '> jmwerful effect upon a remote 



