361 



ANTI'PHOXY. 



ANTIQUES. 



332 



as the result of his experience, " that he never observed a person 

 having a relapse offerer where it has uot been caused by eating animal 

 food." It may be well to explain here in what way animal food proves 

 hurtful. During its use the blood requires more frequent purifying 

 by exposure to the air in the lunge, or by respiration. To effect this, 

 not only is the mure frequent respiration necessary, but also the 

 heart's action is increased, so that the blood is propelled with greater 

 frequency and force, and consequently the detention of the vessels of 

 the inflamed part is increased. The greater frequency of the respira- 

 tion, occasioned by the greater demand for oxygen, during the use of 

 animal food, is illustrated by the- experience of the workmen in diving- 

 bells, who require the air to be renewed much more frequently when 

 living upon animal food and drinking spirituous liquors, than when 

 living on vegetable food and drinking water. For this reason, the 

 l-:n-l-diver of Ceylon, who live exclusively on rice and other vegeta- 

 bles, can remain much longer under water, without requiring to come 

 to the surface to breathe, than any Europeans who live on a mixture 

 of animal rinil vegetable food. Animal food and spirituous or fermented 

 drinks must be strictly interdicted at the commencement of inflamma- 

 tion, and their use be avoided till the pel-mission of the medical 

 attendant be deliberately and voluntarily given; previous to wliirli 

 mild, farinaceous food, and diluent drink/), should constitute the only 

 diet. 



Rett. A person in a horizontal position respires less frequently 

 than when in an upright position ; the heart also pulsates leas 

 frequently. In every case of inflammation affecting the system gene- 

 rally, the patient should be confined to bed ; and as there i mostly 

 diminished power of the muscular system, all unnecessary exertion 

 should be avoided. Numerous visitors should not have access to the 

 sick-room ; for speaking, which requires the exercise of the respiratory 

 organs, fatigues the patient, and quickens the circulation. Besides 

 this, the air is vitiated by the respiration of visiters. A supply of pure 

 and cool air is requisite in all inflammatory complaints, but especially 

 fevers, both for the benefit of the patient and the safety of others. 



The repose of the mind is as essential as that of the body. All 

 causes of anxiety should, when possible, be removed, and cheerful 

 looks be put on before the patient, both by the physician and the 

 attendants, in order tliat. a* far as practicable, he may be inspired with 

 confidence and entertain hopes oi recovery. 



This is a very brief outline of the means termed antiphlogistic, by 

 which we attempt to restore both the part affected and the system 

 generally, to the natural and healthy state, when labouring under an 

 inflammatory attack. The special application will be given as each 

 disease falls under notice, and we need not here do more than </n- 

 deavour to impress upon every one a conviction of their importance. 

 "Under favourable circumstances inflammation is more compl'-t.'ly 

 under the control of remedies than any other disease ; and nevertheless, 

 it is more or less concerned in pnxlucing a very large share of the 

 mortality in every part of tin- world." (See Alison's 'Outlines of 

 Pathology.') 



AXTI'PHONY, in music ( tunujxevla, alternate singing), the ancient 

 name for a kind of anthem, the verses of which were chanted by each 

 side of the choir, alternately. 



The fathers of the church pretend that the method of antiphonal 

 singing was revealed to St. Ignatius in a vision, who taught it to the 

 Greeks. St. Ambrose introduced it in the Western churches about the 

 year 374. The chanting of the Psalms in our cathedrals is a close 

 imitation of the ancient antiphony. 



The ' Antiphonary ' or ' Autiphonarium,' was a book in which the 

 anti phonies were written ; and, being copied by hand, was generally a 

 costly volume. Some specimens entailed an expense which in present 

 money would be equivalent to nearly 100/. 



ANTIQUARIES, SOCIETY OK. Mr. Gough, in the introduction 

 to the ' Archajologia,' fixes what he considers to have been the earliest 

 foundation of the Society of Antiquaries to the fourteenth year of the 

 reign of Queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1572 ; when a few eminent scholars, 

 under the auspices of Arr.hbishnp Parker and Sir Robert Cotton, united 

 their efforts for the preservation of the ancient monuments of their 

 country. The members met for near twenty years at the house of Sir 

 Robert Cotton, and as early as 1589 determined to apply to Queen 

 Elizabeth for a charter of incorporation ; a manuscript still remaining 

 in the Cottonian collection (Titus, b. v. fol. 184) preserves the reasons 

 which were urged at this time in support of the petition. But whether 

 the petition was ever presented, or what was its success, does not 

 appear. The writer of the life of Carew, the Cornish antiquary, says, 

 their hopes were frustrated by the queen's death. This society, how- 

 ever, admitted members till 1604; about which time King James I., 

 alarmed for the arcana of his government, and as Hearne conceived foi 

 the Established Church, thought fit to dissolve it. An attempt to 

 revive the society was mode in Kil7, in an application for a charter, 

 through the Marquis of Buckingham; but this also appears to have 

 hflad. 



From this time to the beginning of the 18th century the society 

 ceased to exist; or, as Mr. Gough expresses it, remained in abey- 

 ance. 



In 1707, a number of gentlemen, attached in a similar manner to the 

 study of our national antiquities, agreed to meet weekly for the same 

 purposes as the former society, on a Friday evening, at the Bear tavern 



in the Strand. Among these were Humphrey Wanley ; Mr. John 

 Talman ; John Bagford ; Peter Le Neve, Norroy ; Mr. Holmes, the 

 keeper of the Tower records ; Madox, the Exchequer antiquary ; Mr. 

 Batteley; Mr. William Elstob; Stebbing, the editor of Sandford's 

 Genealogical History : ' and Mr. Sanderson, clerk of the Rolls. Le 

 Neve was at this time president. In 1708 they removed their meetings 

 to the Young Devil tavern in Fleet Street, and soon after to the Fountain 

 tavern over against Chancery Lane. Here they were joined by Samuel 

 ami Roger Gale, Dr. William Stukeley, Mr. T. Rymer, Browne Willis, 

 and Anstis. The plan of their pursuits, comprising everything which 

 such a body of men might be expected to do for the illustration of their 

 national antiquities, appears to have been drawn out for them by 

 Humphrey Wauley. 



In 1717 the members re-founded, or rather re-constituted, their 

 society, and made their first election of officers ; Peter Le Neve, Esq., 

 was president, Dr. William Stukeley, secretary, Mr. Samuel Gale, 

 treasurer, and Mr. John Talman, director. At this time also George 

 Vertue, the engraver, became an active member, and was appointed 

 sub-director. The number of members was limited to a hundred, and 

 no honorary members were allowed. The minutes of the society 

 begin January 1, 1718 ; whence it appears that every member, or who- 

 ever was admitted to be present, brought from time to time whatever 

 they had of their own, or their friends', that was cm-ions or uncommon ; 

 as coins, medals, seals, intaglios, cameos, manuscripts, records, rolls, 

 genealogies, pictures, drawings, printed books, extracts, or even memo- 

 randa ; a few produced dissertations. In 1727 the society removed to 

 apartments in Gray's-Inn, and afterwards to the Temple ; and, for a 

 vi-ry short period, seemed to decline. In 1728, however, they renewed 

 their meetings at the Mitre Tavern in Fleet Street, fixing them to 

 Thursday evenings, after the Royal Society had broken up. In 1753 

 they removed from the tavern to a house of their own in Chancery 

 Lane. 



In 1750, it was unanimously resolved to petition the king for a charter 

 of incorporation on the plan formed in 1717, with improvements. This, 

 by the concurrence of the Earl of Hardwicke, then lord chancellor, was 

 obtained in the following year, when his majesty having declared him- 

 self ' Founder and Patron,' the society became incorporated by the name 

 of ' President, Council, and Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of 

 London ; ' they were empowered to have a body of statutes, and a 

 common seal, and to hold in perpetuity lands, &c., to the yearly value 

 of 1000J. The council to consist of twenty-one persons, including the 

 president, and to be elected yearly with the other officers. The first 

 council named in the charter, bearing date November 2, 1751, pursuant 

 to the powers therein given them, re-elected as members the other 

 persons not particularly specified. In 1781 the society removed from 

 Chancery Lane to Somerset Place, where his majesty King George III. 

 had been graciously pleased to grant to them, as well as to the Royal 

 Society, appropriate apartments. The Society of Antiquaries held its 

 first meeting there on January 11, that year. It now occupies apart- 

 ments in Somerset House, and has recently [Nov. 1858] exchanged its 

 old meeting-room in the same building, for that till lately occupied by 

 the Royal Society. 



The anniversary of the society is held on the 23rd of April, when 

 ten of the twenty-one persons of whom the council consists are annually 

 changed. The election of members is by ballot ; a certificate having 

 been signed by three or more fellows, is previously exhibited for four 

 successive meetings (including those of proposition and election), except 

 in the cases of peers, members of the privy council, and judges, who 

 may be proposed by a single member, and balloted for upon the same 

 evening. The election is determined by a majority of four-fifths. 

 Every member pays an admission fee of five guineas, and two guineas 

 a year ; or an additional sum of twenty-five guineas to the admission 

 fee, to be constituted a member for life. The society's meetings are 

 held on Thursday evenings at eight o'clock, in apartments in the front 

 building of Somerset House. The session of the society begins with 

 the third Thursday in November, and ends with the third Thursday in 

 June. The total number of Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries, 

 on April 23rd, 1858, was 685. The presidents, since the incorporation 

 of the society by charter, have been : 1750, Martin Folkes, Esq.; 

 1754, Hugh Lord Willoughby, of Parham ; 1765, Charles Lyttelton, 

 LL.D., Bishop of Carlisle ; 1768, Jeremiah Milles, D.D., Dean of Exeter ; 

 1784, Edward King, Esq., (temporarily elected by the council); 1784, 

 George Ferrars Townshend, Baron de Ferrars of Chartley, afterwards 

 Earl of Leicester and Marquis Townshend; 1812, Sir H. Charles 

 Englefield, Bart, (temporarily elected by the council); 1313, George 

 Earl of Aberdeen ; 1846, Philip Karl Stanhope (then Lord Malion). 



By an Act of Parliament, 5 Geo. IV., chap. 89, the President of the 

 Society of Antiquaries for the time being is declared to be an official 

 trustee of the British Museum. By another Act; 3 Will. IV. c. 4, the 

 president and council of the society have to elect one of the five 

 additional trustees of the Soane Museum. 



ANTIQUES (from the Latin antiqmu, ancient), a term used in the 

 English language, somewhat vaguely, to designate ' ancient works of 

 art.' The term properly refers to works of Grecian art in sculpture, 

 rilievi, engraving of gems, medals, works of ornamental art, &c. As 

 these arts flourished in the states of Greece, and also under the Roman 

 empire (though probably they were always successfully cultivated 

 chiefly by Greeks), it is scarcely possible to find any precise chronological 



