397 



ANTITHESIS. 



ANUBIS. 



393 



from a fit, or in the intervals of the paroxysms, are much more likely 

 to effect a cure than the others. These are tonics and purgatives. 

 For the reasons already stated, purgatives are of primary importance, 

 as they unload the bowels, improve the secretions, and impart vigour 

 to the whole muscular system. Many cases of severe spasmodic disease 

 have been cured by the use of purgatives only, and none can be cured 

 without their free and daily use for some time. (See Hamilton on 

 ' Purgative Medicines,' sixth edition.) Aloetic purgatives are, in gene- 

 ral, the best ; but where, as in epilepsy, there is reason to suspect the 

 existence of worms, oil of turpentine is to be preferred. 



After purgatives have been administered for some time, should the 

 disease not have yielded, metallic or vegetable tonics may be em- 

 ployed with great advantage, particularly in hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, 

 and stammering. In hysteria, chorea, and stammering, the prepara- 

 tions of iron are, in general, best ; in epilepsy, preparations of zinc, of 

 copper, but above all of silver, are preferable : sulphate of quinine is 

 abo very serviceable. 



For the cure of hydrophobia, or tetanus, nothing haa yet been found 

 to succeed. There is some reason to hope that, for tetanus, a powerful 

 vegetable compound from South America, called the wourali, may be 

 beneficial, if we may judge by its effects on animals affected with 

 tetanic spasm. 



Several of the diseases of which we here speak being connected with 

 mental emotions, and some of them originating from imitation or being 

 kept up by habit, mental agency has sometimes been employed to effect 

 a cure, and occasionally with success. 



Upon a threatened attack of hysteria or epilepsy, the powerfully 

 attracting the mind to a different object than that which occupies the 

 attention of the patient may ward off the fit. But this requires great 

 judgment and discretion. Formerly the most disgusting means were 

 resorted to, and the sufferers were made to swallow animals of a for- 

 bidding kind, or other equally repulsive measures were tried. These 

 cannot be too much reprobated; and we should bear in mind that 

 chorea, or epilepsy, may be brought on by a sudden fright. The sepa- 

 ration of a person subject to chorea, or hysterical and epileptic fits, 

 from among others, is often necessary ; and when we know that the 

 spasmodic actions are the effects of imitation, the employment of fear 

 may be justifiable ; but in any other case it would be criminal to have 

 recourse to it, and thereby, perhaps, add a mental disorder to a bodily 

 one, already sufficiently afflicting. 



Our endeavours to lessen the tendency to nervous diseases will be 

 moat successfully directed to regulating the education, physical and 

 moral, of children, especially of female children. This subject has 

 been already treated of under the article ACE, to which we refer. 



ANTITHESIS, a Greek word literally signifying 'opposition.' It 

 a used in various senses by the Greek writers : sometimes it means 

 merely ' objections,' or ' opposite arguments ; ' sometimes it is used to 

 denote the contrasting of one set of circumstances with another ; as 

 for instance, when an orator or other person attempting to place the 

 conduct of an adversary in the worst light, first states what the accused 

 ought to have done, and then what he ha done. 



But the term antithesis is most commonly used to express contrast 

 of ideas; and the tennis equally applied whether the contrast is 

 fleeted by single words, or by single clauses. (See Quintilian, ' Inst. 

 Orat.,' lib. ix. cap. iii.) The following example from the oration of 

 Demosthenes against Machines, entitled the Crown, is, in part quoted 

 by Demetrius Phalereua (Treatise Uepl 'Epiainlat, 262), and by Her- 

 mogenes; it is a sample of antithetical invective, in which Demo- 

 sthenes attempts to show his superiority over his opponent : " You 

 were employed in teaching, but I was taught : you were a mere menial 

 in the service of religion, but I participated in the sacred rites : you 

 were one of the chorus, but I was the choragus (director of the 

 chorus) : you were a petty clerk, but I was a public speaker : you were 

 an actor and played a third-rate part, but I was a spectator : you failed 

 in your part, and I hissed." This taste for antithesis shows itself very 

 strongly in the Greek language, both in poets and prose writers, and 

 more especially in some of the orators and rhetoricians ; but it is 

 generally and justly condemned by the Greek writers on style. The 

 antithesis does not necessarily imply contrariety between the things 

 which are brought together ; for example, one of the rhetorical exer- 

 cUes of Oorgias, entitled the ' Encomium of Helen,' begins with the 

 following antithesis : " The ornament of a state is the courage of its 

 men ; of the body, beauty ; of the mind, wisdom ; of action, virtue ; 

 of words, truth." Quintilian (ix. 8) expresses the Greek term lufrtttrov 

 (which is equivalent to ivri0iri>) by the Latin word contrapoiitum , 

 and he remarks, that the antithesis does not always contain contra- 

 rieties or opposite!). He gives the following example from the 

 ihutorician Rutilius : " To us first the immortal gods gave the fruits of 

 the earth : what we alone received, that have we diffused over the 

 whole earth. To us our ancestors transmitted a commonwealth 

 we have rescued from servitude our allies also." Cicero has the 

 following example of antithesis, which may be compared with 

 similar examples in our own language : " Quod scis, nihil prodest 

 quod nescia, multuui obest," which may be very imperfectly 

 translated " What you know, docs no good ; what you do nol 

 know, does much harm." When antithesis is used sparingly anc 

 judiciously, it aometimes gives force to expression, and helps to fix dis 

 tinctions in the memory ; but its frequent and indiscriminate use tends 



,o draw the mind from a true perception of the subject, and to fix it 

 on the play of words more than on the real meaning of the sentence. 



A'NTLIA PNEUMA'TICA, the air-pump, a constellation in the 

 southern hemisphere, named by Laoaille. It is bounded by Centaurus, 

 prater, Hydra, Pixis Nautica, and Argo. The following is a classified 

 mumeration of its principal stars : 



Magnitude. 

 4-5 



5-5 . 

 6- 



Number of Slavs. 



. 1 



. . 6 



22 



29 



Hence the number of stars visible to the naked eye in this constella- 

 tion amounts to twenty-nine. 



ANTCECI, from the Greek, signifies those who live over against 

 each other, and is applied to designate the inhabitants of two places 

 which have the same longitudes and latitudes, only differing in one 

 latitude being north and the other south. For example, Malta and 

 the Cape of Good Hope are nearly antooci. Two antoecial places have 

 the same hour of day or night, but opposite seasons of the year. 



ANTONINE COLUMN, a lofty pillar which stands in the middle of 

 one of the principal squares of the city of Rome. It was raised by the 

 senate in honour of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and in 

 memory of his victory over the Marcomanni and other German tribes. 

 It was one of the principal ornaments of the Forum of Antonine. In 

 an inscription which has been found near it, and which is now in the 

 Vatican, it is styled ' Columna centenaria Divi Marci.' It was also 

 called ' the greater Antoniue column,' to distinguish it from another 

 and a smaller one, made of a solid piece of granite, which had been 

 raised in honour of Antoninus Pius. (Nardini and Nibbi, 'Roma 

 Antica,' and Vignola, ' De Columna Autormii Pii.') During the ages 

 of barbarism which followed the extinction of the western empire, this 

 pillar, and especially its pedestal, suffered greatly from the hands of the 

 various invaders, as well as from the fires which frequently occurred at 

 Rome ; the historian Poggio says also from lightning. Pope Sixtus V. 

 repaired it at the expense of 10,000 scudi, and placed the inscription 

 which is now seen on the pedestal, the original one having been 

 probably defaced. He also raised on the summit of the pillar a bronze 

 statue of St. Paul : that of Marcus Aurelius, which formerly stood 

 there, had been removed it is not known when or by whom. The shaft 

 of the pillar is 13 feet 1 inch in diameter at the bottom, and 1 foot less 

 at the top ; its height, including the pedestal and capital, is 186 feet, 

 of which 13 are under ground ; and the statue on the top and its 

 pedestal are 27J feet more, making the whole height 163J feet, (Taylor 

 and Cres/s ' Architectural Antiquities of Rome.') The pedestal of the 

 Antonine column is disproportionate to the shaft. The capital is Doric. 

 The shaft is made of 28 blocks of white marble placed one above the 

 other, a spiral staircase of 190 steps is cut through the interior of the 

 marble, and leads to the gallery on the top, which is surrounded by a 

 balustrade. The exterior of the shaft is covered with bassi-rilievi 

 placed in a spiral line around, which represent the victories of Marcus 

 Aurelius over the Marcomanui and other hostile nations. The style 

 and execution of these sculptures are inferior to those of the Trajan 

 pillar, which the artists evidently purposed to imitate. The sculptures 

 of the Antonine column have been engraved by Santo Bartoli, and illus- 

 trated by Bellori. The pillar itself is still one of the most striking 

 monuments of ancient Rome, and one of the principal ornaments of the 

 modern city. It has given to the square in which it stands the name 

 of Piazza Colonna. 



ANU'BIS, or ANUP, an Egyptian deity, represented with the head 

 of a fox, dog, or jackal, and a human body. In some Egyptian remains 

 we observe him standing by a bier, on which a mummy is lying. The 

 dog was worshipped by the Egyptians, as we are told by Herodotus ; 

 and Anubis came to be represented as a symbolical or astronomical 

 character. Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys, the wife of Ty- 

 phon, and sister of Osiris, and is represented as holding the balance to 

 ascertain the good and evil of the judged before the throne of Osiris, some- 

 times in company with Horus, and sometimes alone. He appears to have 

 been considered in one sense as the conductor and guardian of departed 

 souls (" the embalmer of the dead, and watcher of the gate of the sun's 

 path"), and in this respect his functions bear some resemblance to those 

 of Hermes of the Greeks, and Mercurius of the Romans. He was placed 

 in the frout of the Egyptian temples, in the dromos or line of sphynxes 

 leading from the entrance to the sacred enclosure, as a guard to the 

 other gods : " This is the sacred dromos of Anubis," says Callimachus. 

 He is not mentioned by any Roman writer before the time of Augustus ; 

 but his worship must have been introduced towards the end of the 

 republic, as is shown by Appian ip his description of the escape of M. 

 Volusius, the axlilu ('Bell. Civ.' iv.); and it spread widely under the 

 empire, both in Italy and Greece. Other resemblances are suggested 

 between this Egyptian deity and Hermes (the god with the golden wand, 

 Xpvfftp' pants), by the supposition that the element Anub, in Auubis, has 

 the same signification as the Coptic noub (see Coptic version, Matt. ii. 

 11), signifying gold. 



(Jablousky, Panth. dlyypt. Anubis ; and Champollion, Pimthtmi, 

 Egyptien. For the phonetic name of Anubis as son of Isis, see Salt's 

 nay, &c., pi. iii.) 



