411 



AIHKJEK. 



APOI.I.oM, n\. 



411 



to the Old Teoumeut and batons to the literature of the later Jew., 

 there are numtMT of other apocryphal writings at the Old uul New 

 Testament*, which have been collected by Kabricius in the 

 !Wudpirapk.us Vetorii Testament*.' and the ' Codex Apooryphui 

 Xovi Tunnl4,' and more completely by Tbilo in the ' Codex Apu- 

 cryphus Kori Testamenti.' Lipeun, 18)2. Mart of the apocryphal 

 .tddUiooi to the New Testament wen collected and publiahed ui au 

 Kugiish translation by William Hone, in 1620. 



. from 4*, from, and yi, fie fort*, au astronomical term 

 applied to the apparent orbits of the nin and muon, signifying the 

 potato of thoee urbiu which are at the greateet distance from the earth, 

 hi. oppoeed to HRIUBE, which meani the point nearest to the earth. 

 For general oonaiderationi connected with thii term, we AraKUOX, 

 substituting the earth in place of the sun. 



The tun U in ito apogee when the earth is in iU aphelion, and the 

 motion of the aolar apogee is the emnie a* that of the earth's aphelion. 

 The motion of the lunar apogee is more complicated. At new or full 

 III-MIII. it* longitude u increasing: at the quarters it is decreasing. 

 But the increase, on the whole, is greater than the decrease : so that, on 

 the average, the apogee increases ito longitude daily by 6' 41", or 

 describes a whole revolution in about nine years. In the ' Nautical 

 Aliuanao ' will be found the time when the moon is in her apogee and 

 perigee for erery month. For example, we line! that in February, 

 185V, the moon is in apogee at twenty-seven days seventeen hours 

 (meaning seventeen hours after noon on the 27th, or five in the morning 

 on the 28th, civil reckoning). On referring to the moon's right ascen- 

 sion for that time, we find it to be nineteen hours, twenty-four 

 minutes, fifty-two seconds. 



APOOLUUIC ACID. [OLUCIC ACID.] 



APOLLO, one of the ]iriucii>al gods of the Grecian heaven, alno 

 named Phoebus, and in Homer and Hesiod most commonly called 

 Phoobus Apollo (*oior 'AinfAAwy). He was the presiding deity of 

 archery, prophecy, and music, and in later times of the sun : but in the 

 early poets above-mentioned, the sun (Helios) is a different personage, 

 and of different extraction, the son of Hyperion and Theia. (' Theog.' 

 xviii. 371 : see also the adventures of Ulysses in the island of Thrmakia, 

 where the oxen of the sun, not of Apollo, are always spoken of.) 

 According to Herodotus (U. 166), Apollo is the same with the Egyptian 

 Hunts, the son of Dionysus and Isis. The Grecian deity was the son 

 of Zeus and Leto (Jupiter and Latona). His mother, when the time of 

 travail drew nigh, wandered through the earth, unable to find a place 

 which would give her rest ; for every land, and river, and mountain, 

 feared too much the wrath of Hera (Juno), the jealous queen of heaven, 

 to receive her. At last Delos, which was then a floating island driven 

 about the Jgean sea, and called Astoria, afforded her a place of repose, 

 and Apollo was born. He immediately proclaimed his functions to the 

 assembled goddesses who watched his birth. "The harp, the curved 

 bow be mine, and I will proclaim to men the unerring counsel of Zeus." 

 (' Hymn to Apollo,' v. 131.) Thenceforward Delos Was fixed, l.eto 

 l>romised, in return for the shelter afforded, that her son should honour 

 that humble island above all other places; and it was always held 

 especially sacred to htm, and the principal seat of his worship. This 

 story is beautifully related in the Homeric hymn above quoted, and in 

 the hymn to Delos by Callimachus. Apollo ls a leading personage in 

 mythological fiction, and a favourite with the poet*, who have engaged 

 Mm in a great variety of adventures. He was the president and pro- 

 tector of the rouses. He U usually represented in the prime of youth 

 and manly beauty, with long hair, his brows bound with the sacred 

 bay-tree (Oapktu), bearing either the lyre, or his pwuliar weapon, the 

 bow. In later times he usurped the presidency of the healing art from 

 Ito earlier deity, Paieou ; henoe ^sculaptus was said to be tin 

 Apollo. The hawk, the raven, the swan, the grasshopper (cicada), were 

 his favourite animal*. His principal temples were U Delos, Delphi. 

 at both which places his oracles were in the highest repute Tenedos 

 Patera, C'lanie, fto. ; ami from these he derives a groat variety ol 

 distinctive epitbvto. He lias many others peculiar to himself, which 

 principally refer to his skill in archery, or may be interpreted to contain 

 MOM allusion to the tun ; u far-shooting, surer-bowed, golden-haired 

 gotdon-eworded, light-producer, Ac. Muiler, in the second book of his 

 ' Dorians,' and In his ' ArcbaoJogie der Kunst,' f 859, ha* endeavoured 

 with great Ingenuity and learning to show that the fundamental idea 

 of Apollo was that be was, in hi* essence, a god of health and order 

 the protector of the good, the averter and the destroyer of evil, am 

 that of these, the various power* and attributes ascribed to him are 

 mere ramifications. "He was conceived," as Mttller remarks, "as 

 purifying by propitiatory sacrificed, tranquillizing the mind by music 

 and directing by prophecies to a higher order of things." On the whole 

 ina conveyed by the worship of Apollo was the most elevating o 

 any in the Grecian theology. 



The word Phcchus U apparently connected with a Greek root, sign! 

 tying /'./'' ; lint the origin and meaning of the word Apollo are entire! 

 unknown. In later writers, and by the Latins, who do not appear to 

 have hail an ancient sun-god of their own. Apollo and the nun an con 

 founded. It is observable, however, that Ovid, in the stories o 

 Phaeton, ami flytle, which have especial reference to him in his cha- 

 racter of thr Kim, always uses the word Hoi, not Pho-bus or Apollo 

 except ono* (u. v. 8>t the conclusion of the former (Met. il. 1. iv. 100) 

 In Homer ad Hesiod, a* we hare said, the two are clearly distinct. I 



i maintained, however, by some uiythologixte, and among them by 

 luttmnnn. that originally Apollo and Artemis were the sun and moon, 

 and that the later writers who assigned to those deities the presi- 

 over the two great luminaries, only revival the original ll..i whm 

 utd fallen into disuse. (Buttmann, ' Mythologu- Keightley.) 



In the most flourishing periods of Greek art, Apollo was regarded as 

 he consummation of manly, as Aphrodite was of feminine beauty. 

 In the earliest times, at Delphi and Athens, Apollo Agyieus w- 

 shipped under the form of a conical stone. The early pillar rt 

 were decorated with a lyre or with arms, according as they were dedi- 

 cated to the trauquillUing or the avenging deity. \\ . A|>lln came 

 <> lie represented under a human form it was, before tl 

 'uidi.ifl, either as a youth of majestic beauty per age and 



with a grave, earnest, or severe countenance. At this time he was 



'presented both with and without draper}'. I'liny mentions ;. i 

 statue of Apollo outside the Parthenon, as one of the line*! works of 

 fhidias; and it may be taken for granted that tin' A|illo of I'liidin* 

 was the perfection of physical and intellectual benttty and dignity. By 

 Praxiteles, Scopos and their conteni|x>raries, greater slendenu- 

 elegance of form wan given to the god. The face was ma ! 

 he masculine characteristics were scarcely d> -M -l"p >-d : alt.,-,.- 

 thing of refinement, softness, and delicacy was substituted for tin- 

 simple grandeur of the earlier form. 



The statues of Apollo may be broadly divided, according to the 

 irinciple of Muiler, into those of the contending, or the appeased and 

 reposing god (' Arohaol.' jj 361). Ill the one class he can 

 or is otherwise distinguished as an avenging or a protecting dei- 

 the other the lyre is a common characteristic. Sometimes he if 

 seuted in the Pythian costume. On vases, gems, 

 [>hagi, Apollo is very frequently figured groujied with other deities : 

 with Mai-Eyas; with Hyacinthua ; with Daphne; on the swan; desti 

 the family of Niobe, and in various other ways; for throughout tin- 

 cycle of Greek art, Apollo was a prune favourite with nrtists. As of 

 Aphrodite, every KnroiK'au nmsi-um contains numerous an 

 Mutations of Apollo. In the ]lritih Museum there it an undRijxil 

 marble statue, of heroic size and of early date ; a colossal foot, 

 11 inches long ; a bronze statue about 2 feet high ; and w . 



UK on rilievi, vases, coins, Ac. 

 The most celebrated of the existing statues of Apollo, in that known 



the Apollo Vdridere, which was found at Capo d'Anzo. i 

 ruins of ancient Antium, about twelve league? (ran Rome, il 



It was purchased by Pope Julius II., before his elevat , ti- 



ficate; and was placed by him in the Belvidere of th 



it derives its present name. It has been said to be the \voik of 



Agasias the Ephesian, but no certain indications of th 



be traced. It is now believed to have l>een made under the emperors, 



and as some think by the order of Nero himself; from the folds ,,f the 



cloak, and other indications, it i probably a copy of a bronxe statue. 



Ho that as it may, it is one of the finest specimens of sculpture < 



It is a standing figure, more than seven feet high, and i > 



god naked, except the cloak which is fastened round his neck, and 



hangs over the extended left arm. The let't hand and the ri^lr 



ami were lost, and were restored by Giovanni Angelo da Montorsoli, a 



pupil of Michael Angelo : so that the original action of the figure can 



only be conjectured. It is supposed, however, to represent Ap. 



the destroying god, "the lord of the unerring bow," but a. i 



precise intent ion of the sculptor authorities diil'er ; the received opinion 



was that Ajmllo wan represented at the moment of having discharged 



an arrow at the serpent Python, watching the effect .if i 



and accordingly, hi the restoration, part of a bow was placed in the 



left hand. But Feuerl Vnticanische A poll, 



lii-M- that it was intended to represent Apollo chasing 

 the Furies. Again, it has been suggested (by '. \ agner), and 



with great probability, that it represented the god as the destro-. 

 the children of Niobe: and various other hit - have been 



proposed. A serpent, the emblem ,.t the healing art, is tiv d on the 

 stump of a tree, which give* stability to the figure, llyi-on 

 description of it r Childe Harold,' iv. 161) is well known. 



AI'OLLO'NICON, the name given to a chamber organ 1.1 

 l.wer. supplied with both keys and barrels, built by Messrs. Flight 

 and Kobson. of St. Martin's-lane, London, and first exhibited ' 

 at their manufactory, in 1817. The Apollonioon was 

 acting by means of complicated machinery, or eould be played on in 

 the usual manner, by means of keys. The music, when the organ was 

 worked by machinery, was ninned on three or n-ls, of 



nliont two feet eight inches long, each acting on a di.-tini-t dj\ : 

 the instalment ; and these, in their revolution, nor bted air 



to the pipes, but regulated and worked the stops, forming, by an in 

 stantaneous action, all the necessary combinations. '('), key -boards 

 were five in number ; the central and largest comprising five octaves, 

 and the smaller ones two on each side the larger two octaves 

 each. To the central key-board were attached a swell, and 

 com | KMind pedals, enabling the p. i produce all the changes 



and variety of effect that the music might require. The inm 

 also a key-board comprising two octaves of other pedals. 

 the fargwt pipes. These six key-boards were detached from th 

 of the cn-gan, so that the performers sat with t ' instru- 



ment, and, consequently, with their faces to the audience. Th. i 



