113 



APOLOGETICS. 



APOLOGUE. 



414 



1900 pipes, the largest twenty-four feet in length, and one foot eleven 

 inches in aperture, sounding the G, two octaves below the first line of 

 the base : the highest pipe" gave the A in altissimo, two octaves above 

 the second space in the treble. The number of stops was forty-five, 

 and these in their combinations afforded good imitations of the various 

 wind instruments used in an orchestra. Two drums were also in- 

 closed in the case, and struck by a curious contrivance in the machi- 

 nery. A tolerably correct estimate of the capabilities" of this instru- 

 ment may be made, when it is stated that it performed Mozart's 

 overtures to the ' Zauberflote,' ' Figaro,' and ' Idomeneo ; ' Beethoven's 

 to ' Prometheus ; ' Weber's to ' Der Freischiitz ' and ' Oberon ; ' Cheru- 

 bim's to ' Anacreon,' Ac., without omitting a single note of the score, 

 ,uii 1 with all the fortes and pianos, the cresccndos and diminuendos, as 

 directed by the composers. 



Considered as a self-playing instrument, the Apollonicon was pro- 

 vided with two revolving cylinders, studded like that of a barrel 

 organ. 



The Apollonicon was five years in building, and cost 10,000?. 

 During many years it attracted the notice of professional and amateur 

 musicians, both by its automatic and its keyed action. At length, 

 however, some of the mechanism became disordered ; and as the com- 

 mercial return for the vast expense incurred had scarcely been adequate, 

 the instrument was withdrawn from public gaze, and perhaps no 

 longer exists. Some of the details in this article will be rendered more 

 intelligible by referring to Onc.vx. 



APOLOGE'TICS (thevlayia ajirjoye lint, apologetik) is the designation 

 given in Germany to that branch of divinity which us most intimately 

 connected with logic, metaphysics, and general history, and has for its 

 object a systematic arrangement of those internal and external 

 evidences by which Christiana are enabled scientifically to justify the 

 peculiarities of their faith. The name is derived from a Greek 

 adjective apoknfticw (iiro\ofyririK6s). 



Since Christianity was opposed from the beginning by men who denied 

 it high origin and its intellectual superiority, circumstances demanded 

 on the part of Christians a compliance with the express injunction of 

 the apostle Peter, " Be ready always to give an answer (>>4j a*o\oylcui, 

 lor n ajmloyy) to every man that asketh you a reaton of that hope 

 which is in you." (1 Pet. iii. 15.) Separate apologies have the same 

 relation to apologetics that separate mathematical treatises have to the 

 science of mathematics. 



The science of apologetics was not the offspring of literary vanity ; 

 it wag unknown till the attacks of the adversaries of Christianity 

 assumed a learned and scientific character. In the first centuries of 

 our sera, whilst most oppose asserted that the Christian religion was 

 the cause of famine and earthquakes ; and that Christian worship 

 consisted in eating children, drinking human blood, committing incest, 

 and adoring the head of an ass, or some such abominations, separate 

 apologies were sufficient for the refutation of these absurd charges. 

 The name is of still later origin than the science of apologetics. The 

 word ajiolo'ittH: was universally adopted after Gottlieb J. Planck had 

 used it. (See his ' Einleitung in die Thcologischen Wissenschaften,' 

 1794-8, vol. i. pp. 231-362.) As the fundamental idea of mathematics 

 in that of quantity; of jurisprudence, that of right; of [esthetics, that 

 of the beautiful ; so the fundamental idea of apologetics is that of 

 supernatural revelation. The apologetics contain a further develop- 

 ment of one irt of dogmatics or doctrine, which is c.alled bibliology. 

 .retics teach how to defend the fundamental ideas of Christianity 

 against unbelievers ; polemics teach how to attack those who, admitting 

 the Christian revelation to be true, err in particulars. 



The science of apologetics treats of the 



I. I'ossibility of revelation. 



1. Logical possibility. Logical refutation of thoge who, like 

 John Toland, Edelmann, and Rousseau, considered the idea of 

 revelation to be self-contradictory. 



2. Theological possibility. Metaphysical refutation of those 

 who considered the idea of sujiernatural revelation to be repug- 

 nant to the attributes of God, impartial justice, general love, 

 and immutability. 



S. Anthropological possibility. Kefutation of those who, like 

 Immanuel Kant, deny the ability of man to perceive the super- 

 natural. 



.II. Necessity of revelation, to be demonstrated by historical and 

 'tliti'ufr.iphi'-al induction, especially by the history of philosophy. 



III. Reality of revelation, demonstrated by a development of the 

 internal evidence of the peculiar Christian doctrines, and confirmed by 



torical credibility of the Gospel history. 



Apologetics, though Ijased upon the Gospel, constantly require a 

 new adaptation to the times for which they arc written. Th';re 

 are many good apologies, but apologetics are yet in their infancy. 

 Among the societies, foundations, donations, &c., which have an 

 apologetic cliaracter, may be mentioned the l!iiinptii Lectures at 

 Oxford, Hulse's foundation ,,f the Christian Advocate at Cambridge, 

 ill-- I i:ty for promoting Christian Knowledge, with all 



similar aoci- 



APOLOGIES OF THE FATHERS are writings in defence of 

 Christianity, composed from the beginning of the second to the sixth 

 century. The oppose of Christianity generally attacked the moral 

 character of the Christians rather than their doctrines. The fathers of 



the church, with the view of refuting the doctrines of heathenism and 

 the false accusations against the followers of Jesus, composed Ajmloyics, 

 which were partly addressed to all well-informed heathens, partly 

 written on particular occasions, and addressed to emperors in order to 

 convince them of the injustice and folly of persecutions. 



The apologies of Quadratus and Aristides are lost. Justiuus Martyr 

 describes, in two apologies, how he sought for truth in various systems 

 of philosophy until he found it in the Gospel. In his Dialogue with 

 the Jew Tryphon, Justinus Martyr appeals to the prophecies of the 

 Old Testament. The apologies of Justinus contain many materials 

 for the history of philosophy. Athenagoras defended the Christian.-! 

 against the charge of atheism, incest, infanticide, and other abomina- 

 tions with which they were charged. Tatianus, Theophilus of An- 

 tioch, and Hermas, proved the absurdity of paganism and the contra- 

 dictions of philosophers, in order to show the necessity of revelation. 



After these Greek apologists of the second century followed, among 

 the Lathis, Tertullian, who, in his ' Apologeticus,' eloquently shows 

 how the faith and holiness of Christians were especially manifested 

 under persecutions ; and Minucius Felix, who, in his eloquent dialogue, 

 ' Octavius,' introduces the representatives of various parties, whose 

 arguments are overcome by the truth of the Gospel. Cyprian wrote 

 ' De Idolorum Vanitate,' or, On the Absurdity of Idolatry. These 

 apologists of the second century did not defend the systems of certain 

 schools, but only the truth of Christianity. 



In the fifth century the doctrines of the Gospel were systematised 

 by Origen among the Greeks and Arnobius among the Latins, in order 

 to defend them sxtccessfully against the attacks of Celsus, Porphyrius, 

 Hierocles, and Julian, which were directed not only against the morals 

 of the Christians, but also against their history and their doctrines. 

 These writers compared the miracles of Jesus with those of Pytha- 

 goras and Apollonius of Tyana, and questioned the credibility of the 

 Evangelists. They recognised the leading facts of the Gospels, but 

 endeavoured to prove contradictions in minor points. The objections 

 are answered in the eight books of Origen against Celsus, who wrote 

 his attack on Christianity about one hundred years before it was 

 replied to by Origen. But the greatest apologist among the fathers is 

 Eusebius, whose historical and chronological works have an npolo- 

 getical tendency, and whose evangelical preparation (irpoiraparrKevrj 

 fua-yyfXi/trj, or EliayytkiKris iiroStt^aos Trptnrapturitev}/) contains, in fifteen 

 books. the introduction to his Evangelical Demonstration (ivayytKiK^ 

 O!n!!ei{is), in twenty books. The first ten books of this work are still 

 extant, in which he demonstrates the harmony of the Old with the 

 New Testament, the moral dignity of Jesus, the sublimity of his plan, 

 the rectitude of his disciples, and the absurdity of those who ascribed 

 another plan to the disciples than that which they professedly fol- 

 lowed. Eusebius examines, in a little publication against Hierocles, 

 the life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus, and shows the contra- 

 dictions of the biographer, the knavery of this notorious individual, 

 and how his performances differed from the miracles of Christ. The 

 works of Athanasius and Chrysostomus contain apologetieal materi.-ii . 

 Cyrillus of Alexandria wrote ten books in reply to the Emperor 

 Julian. Theodoret wrote twelve sermons under the title, 'E 



, in which he gathers the arguments for Christian truth from 

 the writings of the heathens, and compares the Greek philosophers 

 with Moses, the prophets, .and the apostles. The most important 

 apologetical works among the Latins are the seven books of Arnobius 

 (' Adversus Gentes ') against the heathen ; the seven books of Lac- 

 tantius, ' Institutionum Divinorum ;' the twenty-two books of St. Au- 

 gustin, ' De Civitate Dei ;' the catalogue of St. Jerome, by which he 

 refutes the objection that no distinguished individuals embraced the 

 Gospel (' Catalogus Viroruru Illustrium ') ; and, finally, ' Orosii libri 

 septem Historiarum adversus Paganos,' in which he refutes the asser- 

 tion that plague, famine, earthquakes, and other horrible events were 

 consequences of the Gospel. The science of apologetics has made pro- 

 gress in the same ratio in which the attacks upon Christianity became 

 more systematic. 



The following translations and editions will be interesting to English 

 readers. Justin the philosopher, commonly called Justin Martyr, died 

 about A.D. 165. His ' Apologia prima pro Christianis,' published by 

 Dr. Grabe, Oxon., 1700; 'Apologia Secunda,' by Hutchinson, Oxon., 

 1703; 'Justin Martyr's Full Account of the Christian Worship, 



mentary of Vincentius Lirinensis,' by Reeves, 1709 and 1716, an 

 unfaithful translation. ' The Dialogue with the Jew,' by Brown, 

 London, 1755, is an excellent translation, and very scarce in the book- 

 market. Minuting Felix, of the third century, author of ' A Dialogue 

 between Ctccilius a Heathen and Octavius a Christian,' is well trans- 

 lated by Sir David Dalrymple. 



APOLOGUE, synonymous with fable (im6\oyos, falula, fable), "a 

 novel story contrived to teach some moral truth." (Johnson.) " It 

 would be a high relief . . to hear an Apulujue, or fable, well told, and 

 with such humour as to need no sententious moral at the end to make 

 the application." (Shaftesbury, ' Characteristics,' vol. iii., ' Miscell.,' iv. 

 c. 1.) It is essential to an apologue that the circumstances told in it 

 should be fictitious. Some have gone so far as to say that they must 



