APO'LOOY. 



APOPLEXY. 



brrolv. an impossibility, a* in jEsop's Cablet, where we And beasts and 

 j^ ..;.... things made to think ana speak. 



APO'LOOY (*eAyte), a Greek word, originally signifying a defence 

 made in a court of justice by or for a person accused. (See the title* 

 of several of the extant Greek oration*.) The word ajreAs^Jrfcu, to 

 'apologise/ to 'make a defence/ was the corresponding verb. There is 



n, entitled the ' Apology of 

 by Plato. The word 

 [AroixxiiM.] At the 



Socrates;' and another, with the same title, 

 apology was adopted by the Christian fathom. 



present day H U only used in ordinary language in one aenie that of 

 sstini pardon or excuse for 10010 offence." But even in modern 

 time* the word ha* oocationaUy been und in the early Chrutian MOM, 



a* by Biahop Wataon, in hi* treatise entitled an ' Apology for the Bible/ 

 and by Barclay, in hi* ' Apology for the Quaker*.' 



APOPHTHEGM (*m<f*ria), a Oraek word Dignifying 'a thing 

 spoken out/ and, in it* more technical *ene, a pithy saying calculated 

 to arrest the attention. " Certainly apophthegm* are of excellent use. 

 Cicero prettily called them taluuu, salt-pita, that you may extract salt 

 out of, and sprinkle it where you will. They serve to be interlaced in 

 continued speech. They serve if you take out the kernel of them, and 

 make them your own." (Bacon.) 



We may take the following a* example* of apophthegm* : " Bigotry 

 murder* religion, to frighten fool* with her ghost."' Lacon.' " w, 

 ask advice, but we mean approbation." Ibid. Plutarch made a col- 

 lection entitled ' The Apophthegm* of King* and General*/ and dedi- 

 cated it to the Emperor Trajan. Many of these apophthegm* would 

 be rliasrd in modern time* among anecdotes. The following i an 

 example; it i* one of the apophthegmata placed under the head of 

 Alexander : " An Indian wa* taken prisoner who had a very high 

 reputation for archery, and wa* said to be able to shoot an arrow 

 through a ring. Alexander bade him exhibit a specimen of hi* skill, 

 and on hi* refusal, the king in a passion ordered him to be executed. 

 On hi* way to his death, the man remarked to those who were taking 

 him, that he hod not practised for several days, and was afraid of 

 missing his mark. Alexander hearing of this, admired the man, and, 

 sotting him loose, made him great presents, because he preferred death 

 to the loss of hi* reputation." (Wyttenbach's edit, vol. i. p. 718.) 



The Lacedtcmonians were noted for affecting the apophthegmatic 

 mode of speech ; and Plutarch has collected their sentences also under 

 the title of ' Laconica.' 



APOTHYOE, a term applied by architect* generally to a concave 

 surface lying between or connecting two flat surface* not in the same 

 plane, and particularly to a Blight concavity which i* almost invariably 

 found to terminate the shaft of an Ionic or Corinthian column both 

 above and below, immediately above the uppermost fillet of the con- 

 geries- of moulding* called the base, and under the moulding or mould- 

 nig* of the hypotrachelium or necking. In the latter case, the apophyge 

 is distinguished in the two positions a* the lower and the upper. The 

 more familiar English term for the same thing is the ttfape, or xapt ; 

 ami in French, the apophyge is termed the ronyt. Apophyge is from a 

 compound Greek word signifying a tyig off. [COLUMN.] 



APOPHYLLIC ACID (C..H.NO., HO) is obtained from narcotine. 

 It crystallise* with or without water; in the latter case the crystal; 

 have the form of rhombic octohedrons, which are colourless. The 

 cleavage faces have a pearly lustre resembling apophyllite, and hence 

 the name bestowed on this acid. The crystal* lose water, when heated, 

 even under water, and become white without altering their form ; they 

 contain V per cent, of water, and are but little soluble in water. A 

 saturated boiling solution yields long prismatic crystal* on cooling, 

 which do not effloresce; the acid which crystallise* from a solution 

 that ha* not been boiled ha* the cubo-octohedral form, and contain* 



Thi* acid ha* a (lightly acrid and astringent taste ; it reddens litmus- 

 paper, and it i* insoluble in alcohol and in ether. The salt* which it 

 form* with bases are soluble : the ammoniacal salt crystallise* in table*, 



and is Tery soluble ; the salt of silver, formed by double decomposition, 

 is after a certain time deposited in stellated crystals, which gradually 

 increase in si*e; they explode at a moderate heat with the same violence 

 a* oxaUte of silver ; the residue is a* black at charcoal, and after com- 

 bustion leaves metallic silver. 



A IN i PI. EX Y . from aAitfia. a sudden blow, a deprivation of power 

 and motion, te. tfarlmi attimiltu, tiilrralia, perriuma, 4c., are syno- 

 nymous terms. In the animal body two seta of functions perfectly 

 distinct from each other are combined, the oryamV and the animal ; 

 the organic include the various functions by which the structure of the 

 bndy is built up and He integrity maintained, and the animal include 

 the function* of sensation and voluntary motion. ( I-irr..] The disease 

 termed apoplexy i* an affection of the animal functions, the organic 

 remaining comparatively unimpaired. It is the loss of sensation and 

 voluntary motion, whit* respiration, circulation, secretion, and the 

 other function* of organic life continue to be performed, though not 

 indeed without morel* U dieorder. 



Of aH the disease* to which the human body U subject, there is 

 none which U commonly conceived to attack so suddenly, and to kill 

 so rapidly. What is usually called the attack is indeed sudden . but 

 the disease itself, so far from being sudden, i* generally even slow in its 

 progres*, giving distinct and repeated indications of its presence and 

 of its course. The sign* by which the apoplectic constitution is de- 



noted, the prrmonilarf n'jnt of the disease a* they are termed, it i* of 

 the utmost importance to observe, because judicious measure* adopted 

 at this stage will almost always avert an attack, or render an attack 

 mild which would otherwise have been mortal. There are few other 

 itiineeia over which both the physician and the patient have o much 

 control : the patient by the general management of himself, in re- 

 moving the constitutional predisposition to it ; and the physician by 

 active remedies when the attack is instant, in effecting what the gene- 

 ral management may have proved inadequate to accomplish. Pre- 

 vention i* often practicable; but when the attack ha* once oouir <>u, 

 life is in imminent peril : the most judicious and powerful remedies, 

 though resorted to instantly, and employed with the greatest skill, are 

 commonly unable to avert death ; and even when they do succeed, the 

 in:i.-tioiis of the brain and the general health have usually sustained so 

 severe a shock, that life is no longer worth possessing. 



In general, the premonitory symptom* are steady in their nature, 

 uniform in their course, and so obvious that all may perceive and 

 understand them. Considered individually, they may appear numerous 

 .iu<l diversified ; but they are really so much alike, that they all ob- 

 viously belong to one class. 



Among the premonitory symptoms, the most remarkable are the 

 following, which are here enumerated in the order of their importance 

 and frequency. 



1. Drowsiness. This feeling may exist in every degree, from un- 

 usual dulnes* of mind to an uncontrollable propensity to sleep. 



2. The next premonitory symptom is giddiness. Giddiness is more 

 alarming than drowsiness, and would never fail to produce a conviction 

 of danger, but that giddiness often arises from other causes; for 

 example, from a disordered state of the stomach. 



3. Connected with these two important symptoms are a number of 

 subordinate sensations, such as frequent yawning, dulnesa of hearing, 

 imperfect or disordered vision, noise in the ears, :.i"t< - or xparks before 

 the eyes, repeated sneezing, occasional hiccup, and the like. 



4. Pain in the head. The intensity of the pain may vary from the 

 slightest uneasiness to the most intolerable headache. 



6. Last in the train comes a symptom which U more important than 

 any of the preceding, because it demonstrates their true natui 

 shows that the actual attack is instant ; namely, paralysis, whatever its 

 fonn or degree, whether it assume the shape of inability to articulate 

 distinctly, or to write steadily, or to walk firmly, or in reading to fix 

 the eye on the right line, or in talking or laughing to keep the mouth 

 in the natural position, or in deglutition to swallow without unusual 

 difficulty, or without exciting cough. If with this loss of muscular 

 power there be at the same time a sense of pricking over the skin, or a 

 numbness in the limbs or fingers, or difficulty in voiding the urine, or 

 distortion of the face or mouth, dropping of the eyelid, stammering, 

 unsteadiness in the gait, and BO on, the attack may be considered as 

 having actually commenced. 



Of these premonitory symptoms one alone may be present, or two 

 may be combined, or several may co-exist or may follow each other in 

 rapid succession. The period of their duration, before the attack 

 supervenes, is different in every individual case. Sometime* thnc 

 elapse only a few hours; more frequently several days ; occasionally 

 many weeks. When they are present, no man is safe from a fatal 

 attack for a single instant. 



With regard to the attack itself, the phenomena are different ac- 

 cording to its intensity. There are, indeed, various modes or forms of 

 the dintnnn which are mainly matters of degree : nevertheless, these 

 diversities are not only very striking in their own nature, but in a prac- 

 tical point nf view arc highly im]x>rtant, because the remedies appro 

 priate to the one are not suited to the other, at least without such 

 modifications as, in point of fact, to render them different remedies. 



For all practical purpose* it will I..- sufficient to comprehend the 

 various forms of the disease urnlcr four heads, namely, first, that in 

 which the attack is sudden anil violent; secondly, that in which tli. 

 attack is comparatively slight at the commencement, but progrcxHively 

 increase* in severity; thirdly, that in which the attack commences 

 with apoplexy and terminates in paralysis; and, fourthly, that in which 

 the attack commences with paralysis and terminate* in apoplexy. 



1. The sudden and violent form constitutes the o/ r /,,,,,/ /> 

 of the older authors ; the apo^rj-in ftirtimma of more modern writers ; 

 and the apoplexie fotulroi/tmte of th.- I-Y. n.-li. In this form of the 

 disease the patient is struck senseless and motionless instantaneouhlv 

 he falls down and lies utterly deprived of all the function,* of the 

 animal life. The organic functions in the mean time go on, but in an 

 unnatural and disordered manner. The respiration in slow, deep. IM.I 

 accompanied with that peculiar noise which is called stertor; th? puU- 

 is fuller, stronger, and slower than natural ; the urine and t'.i-ees are 

 passed without consciousness; the skin is covered with a cold ..nd 

 clammy pernpiration ; foam flown from the mouth ; the face is flushed, 

 tumid, and sometime* even livid. Death may take place in a !' 

 minutes, or a few seconds, or not until the end of the first, or even the 

 second, day; but life U seldom pi<>ti.i> !<<! l-yond the second day. 

 Now and then the prompt and vigorous employment of the appropriate 

 remedies save* life even in this form of the disease ; but if they fail to 

 restore consciousness in a few hours, they commonly fail altogether, 

 and death almost always happens when the paroxysm continues nil- 

 diminished during twenty-four hour*. 



