APOP 



I'HI-. 



occur in the my opposite states of the 

 question that UM conformation of the b 

 arourable to the formation of that pat 



n, yet then oknnot be a 

 r just dncribad is peculiarly 

 Dgical condition of the brain 



on which, a* we hare seen, the nLUa.lv depend*. 4. Mode of life. 

 Luxurious living. epecially combine.! with sedentary habit*, U a most 

 powerful pndvposing cauie. 6. Suppression of accustomed evacuations, 

 namely, the suppression of the pilei or of discharges from the akin, 

 whether from the midden disappearance of eruptions, the remit of 

 natural disesje, or the drying up of a aeton or issue. 0. Mental states. 

 Violent emotion : case* continually occur in which persons drop down 

 suddenly in a fit in a paroxysm of anger. Long-continued anxiety is 

 , as powerful an exciting cause as luxurious living. It is the 



armmy^ opinion that the studious are more prone to this disease than 

 other classes ; but this notion U ill-founded, for the evidence U com- 

 plete that moderate intellectual labour is not only in a high degree 

 ttire of the general health, but that it in more especially pro- 

 of that peculiar condition of the brain on which apoplexy 

 L The condition of all others most conducive to apoplexy is 

 that in which at a somewhat advanced age the food habitually taken U 

 Urge in quantity and rich and stimulating in quality, at the same time 

 that the intellectual faculties are little excited ; while the hutory of 

 lawyers, judges, and philosophers would indicate a remarkable ex- 

 emption from this disease in all ita forms. To these predisposing 

 causes may bo added disease of the heart, and a degeneration <>f the 

 blood-Teasels of the brain. 



The predisposing causes, of whatever nature, act either by favouring 

 an habitual determination of blood to the brain, or by impeding its 

 return from this organ, or by impairing ita vital energy, while they 

 favour a plethoric state of its vessels. Such a condition of the brain 

 having been formed, the slightest exciting cause is often sufficient to 

 produce an attack. 



Among the most powerful vif iy causes are intemperance in eating 

 and drinking, violent emotions of mind, whatever determines the blood 

 with undue impetus to the brain or impedes its return from it, such as 

 great muscular exertion, dependent posture of the head, tight ligature 

 around the neck, the use of the warm bath, and the like. 



Both sets of causes, the predisposing and the exciting, bring about a 

 paroxysm either by diminishing the vital energy of the brain, or by 

 producing undue pressure on its substance. 



Treatment. The treatment of this disease must obviously vary with 

 the pathological condition of the brain on which it depends. The 

 skill of the physician consists in detecting what that pathological con- 

 dition is, and in exactly adapting his remedies to it, which must differ 

 widely, according as he is called to treat a threatening or an actual 

 paroxysm, or to prescribe for a patient subsequent to an attack. To 

 enter into a discussion of the different remedies suited to the manifold 

 states of the brain, and of the system, in the various forms and stages 

 of this malady, would require a larger space than can be allotted to it 

 in this work. There are not many parts of his science in which the 

 physician is required to make such nice And difficult distinctions, mid 

 in which life so completely depends on the accuracy of his discrimina- 

 tion. At one time the vital energy of the brain U so far exhausted as of 

 itself to threaten the total abolition of it* functions ; at another time 

 the arterial action or the venous congestion U so great as to threaten 

 an immHi"V > effusion of serum or a large extravasation of blood. K. >r 

 states so opposite, opposite remedies must of course be required ; but 

 the difficulty at all times is to interpret the outward signs aright. If, 

 together with the premonitory symptoms which have been enumerated, 

 namely, drowsiness, giddiness, headache, and so on, there lie a Hushed 

 countenance, a dull or suffused eye, a hot skin, a strong or full pulse, 

 the abstraction of blood may be indispensable to the preservation of 

 life ; but if, on the other hand, the countenance be pallid and sunk, the 

 pulse full, and the skin cool, the smallest blood-letting may utterly 

 exhaust the vital energies of a brain already greatly depreMO, an,! tin- 

 only phv"" of averting death may be the judicious employment of 

 stimulating remedies. It U in clearly pointing out distinction.* like 

 these, and in guiding to the selection of the remedy appropriate to 

 each, that science is the Miration of life. But such too are precisely 

 the cases in which no skill on the part of the physician can succeed 

 without the steady co-operation of the patient The physician duly 

 weighing the premonitory signs may foresee the impending danger, and 

 give warning of it, and prescribe precisely the medicine and IIKUIMEX 

 fitted to avert it; but if these are either altogether neglected, or only 

 partially followed, the disease will hold on iU course and life be lost. 

 And this loss of life is deplorably frequent from the neglect on the part 

 of i V- patimt of the appropriate remedies in the primary stage of the 

 wh-n such remedies may be employed with almost certain 

 n-l the same is true from the neglect of such remedies in the 

 bse<|uent to an apoplectic paroxysm, although in this stage the 

 certed measures hare a much less chance nf securing their 



best-concerted 



It is only necessary to add hen, that whenever a person U seized with 

 n lit f apoplexy, he should be carried into a large room, the freest 

 possible circulation of fraih air should be promoted around the body, 

 which should be placed in the horizontal posture, with the head, however, 

 considerably raised.all bandages should be taken from about the head and 

 neck, and especially from about the neck ; and a medical man should 

 be sent for instantly. Every observer of such a caso should bear in 



mind that the loos of life may be the consequence, of the lose of a 

 minute. 



APtiSKI'iniXE. [LKUCISB.] 



APOSTI.KS iai.i<rToAoi, messengers, ambassadors, missionaries) were 

 according to Luke vi. 13-16, those twelve disciples whom Jesus chose 

 from the number of his followers to be his companions, and whom I,. 



--ion,-. I to preach liis doctrines, first among the Jews oiih 

 x 5 ; Luke ix. 2), and after hU resurrection to the Oentiles also (Matt 

 xxviii. 19; Mark xvi. 15). Jesus said concerning apostles, "An my 

 Father hath sent me, even so send I you. He breathed on them and 

 said, Receive ye the Holy Ghost Whose soever sins ye remit, they 

 are remitted unto them ; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are 

 retained." (John xx. 21 -J3.) The list of the apostles occurs Matt 

 Mark iii. 16, Ac.; Luke vi. 14, Ac. The named of the apostles 

 are, " Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew, his brother ; James, the 

 son of Zebedee, and John, hi* brother; I'hilip and Bartholomew; 

 Thomoa, and Matthew, the publican; James, the sou of Alpheus; and 

 Lebbeun, whose surname was Thald ;-; Simon the Canaanite ; and 

 Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him" After the death of .In.!,.- 

 Iscariot, 120 disciples being assembled, IVter recommended the 

 .:' another apostle. " Of these men which havu cninpanied with us all 

 the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, begiimii 

 the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was token n. 

 us, must one be ordained to be a witnow with ns of hi- 

 And they appointed two, Joseph, called Barsabas, who was sin 

 Justus, and Matthias. And they prayed, and said. Thou, Lord, w lu<-h 

 knowest the hearts of all men, show whether of these two thou hast 

 chosen, that he may take part of this ministry and apoHtleshii 

 which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own 

 And they gave forth their lota, and the lot fell upon Matthias ; ami he 

 was numbered with the eleven apostles." (Acta i. 15-26.) To these 

 twelve apostles was afterwards added Saul, whose name among the 

 Greeks was Paul, called to be an apostle of the Gentile- through the 

 will of God. (Gal. i. 1 ; Col. i. 1 ; Rom. xi. 13 ; Acta ix.) By the intni- 

 mentality of St Paul, the Gospel was most effectually propagated. 

 Barnabas (Acts xiv. 14), being an apostolic missionary, is mention. -d in 

 the following manner: "And when the apostles Barnabas and I '.ml 

 heard," Ac. From this passage we infer that the title n/i-atlf was not 

 exclusively given to the immediate disciples of Jesus. (Comp. Acts 

 xiv. 1 ; Rom. xvi. 7.) 



APOSTLES, ACTS OF. [Acts OF THE APOSTI 



APOSTOLIC FATHERS are those teachers of the Christian C'liiireh 

 who distinguished themselves during the first two centuries, ami . t- 

 their Christian knowledge from personal acquaintance with the apostles, 

 such as Barnabas, Clemens Romanus, Ignatius of Antiochia, Hernias, 

 and Polycarpus, of whom notices wiU be found hi the BIOIIHAI'MK AI, 

 DIVISION MI ti,,. KV.USH CYCLOPAEDIA. 



APOSTO'LICI, were imitators of the apostolic life mentioned by 

 Epiphanius. ('Hieres. 1 67.) In the middle ages they were 

 Cathari. Some of them indulged Maniclucan speculations, and other; 

 distinguished themselves only by their obedience to the moral doetrine 

 of the New Testament. The latter, called \ .'her*. ere 



very numerous on the banks of the Lower Khiiie, about (he middle of 

 the 12th century. We Irani from a letter written A.I>. 1 1 Iii. in which 

 Everwiii. err], vm-itical provost of Steinfclden, exhort* St. l',ei nliaid. of 

 Clairv.-uix, to confute these heretics, that they rejected oaths, infant 

 baptism, fasts, ceremonies, worship of saints, purgatory, masses, 

 marriages, the power of the pope, Ac. Some of them were brought 

 before the ecclesiastical court of the archbishop of Cologne, and 

 di-feinli'd themselves by biblical quotations. After a d; 

 three days, being still unconverted, the people dragged them to the 

 flames, in which they died manfully. 



Another apostolic brotherhood was founded by Gerhard Sagm-lli of 

 Parma, about A.D. 1260. This brotherhood I' 

 voured to suppress by various decrees of 1286 and 1290. N 

 Sogarelli and hi* adherents spread through Italy, Germany, 1 

 and Spain. They went about accompanied by women hinging, and 

 'iK especially against the corruptions of the clergy. In rj:'l. 

 two brothers and two sisters were burnt alive at Parma. Sagarelli 

 abjured his heresy, but was burnt in K'MHI t'or having relapsed. 

 this time Dolcino of Milan became the he party, who 



predicted the sudd' n downfall . 



divided the development of Christianity into four dispensations, the 

 last of which began with his apostolic order. IMcino escaped from 

 the inquisitors into Dalmatia, but return, d to Italy in 1304. II. 

 fortified, with 1400 followers, a mountain in the diocese of Novora, 

 near the village Balmara, and plundered, for his support, the adjacent 

 country. In 1306 he fortified the mountain Zebello, in the diocese of 

 Vercelii, and fought against the troops of the bishop, until he was 

 compelled by famine to surren < nd his companion 



Margaretha of Trent, were burnt with many of their followers. These 

 Apostolici rejected the authority of the Pope, oaths, capital punish- 

 ments, A. Some Apostolic Brothers are mentioned A.D. I. 1 . 1! 

 Spoleto ; and A.D. 1320, in the south of France. The synod of Lavaur, 



r the last time. 



'PHI". (armrrpii^). A turning away, "a sudden change 

 in our discourse, when, without giving previous noti< , . we 

 ourselves to a person or thing different from that to which we were 



