42.5 



APOTHEO'SIS. 



APPARATUS SCULPTO'RIS. 



In almost every session of Parliament a bill, and sometimes more than 

 one, was introduced for this purpose ; but the difficulty of reconciling 

 the various views of the three branches of physicians, surgeons, and 

 apothecaries, prevented any of them from becoming law. At length, in 

 18q8, an Act was passed (21 & 22 Viet. cap. 90), by which a Medical 

 Council was appointed for the whole of the United Kingdom, to consist 

 :>f one person chosen from each of the following bodies : The Royal 

 Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of London ; the Apothecaries' So- 

 ciety of London ; the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and 

 London ; the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh ; the 

 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow ; the Universities of 

 Aberdeen and Edinburgh (one) ; the Universities of St. Andrew's and 

 Glasgow (one) ; the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland; 

 the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ; the Apothecaries' Hall of 

 Ireland ; the University of Dublin ; the Queen's University in Ireland ; 

 and six persons (four for England, and one each for Scotland and 

 Ireland) to be nominated by Her Majesty in Council. This Medical 

 Council were chosen or nominated for five years, with provision for 

 filling up vacancies, and to them were entrusted the power of examining 

 "iates for the practice of medicine, to whom they are to award 

 certificates according to their qualifications, and in the department they 

 have chosen. The Council are empowered, in order to afford faculties 

 for examination, to appoint Branch Councils, to whom are deputed 

 full functions for examining and granting certificates in various locali- 

 ties, and such have been appointed in Edinburgh and Dublin. Every 

 person receiving a certificate is to have his name and qualification 

 published in an annual register, and only such as are registered are 

 capable of filling any medical office in the army or navy, or in any 

 hospital or infirmary, or of medical officer to a Poor Law Union ; and 

 unless BO registered, cannot recover in a court of law any charge for 

 iiu-dieine or attendance, which, if registered, he is enabled to do; and 

 n<> certificate, as from a medical practitioner, is to be valid, unless 

 such practitioner is registered. All persons on the register are em- 

 |. out-red to practise in any part of the United Kingdom or the 

 i nl. uueo, according to the qualification in the register. The General 

 Council have the right of prescribing the course and degree of strin- 

 gency in the examination, and may interfere to prevent candidates 

 being accepted from places where a proper course of previous study 

 has not been pursued. Persons on the register are exempted from 

 serving on juries, from all corporate, parochial, ward, hundred, and 

 township offices, and from serving in the militia. Fees are payable on 

 examination and being placed on the register, and penalties are im- 

 posed upon fraudulently procuring admission on the register, or for 

 falsely pretending to be on it. The General Council are also to cause 

 to be compiled, and to publish, a ' British Pharmacopoeia,' " with a list 

 of medicines and compounds, and the manner of preparing them, and 

 the true weights and measures by which they are to be prepared and 

 inixi'd." But nothing in the Act is to apply to the trades of chemists 

 and druggists or of dentists. 



The Apothecaries rank as the fifty-eighth in the list of City com- 

 panies. Their arms are, azure, Apollo in his glory, holding in his left 

 h;md a bow, in his right an arrow, bestriding the serpent Python; 

 supporters, two unicorns : crest, a rhinoceros, all or ; motto, " Opiferque 

 pur orbem dicor." They have a hall in Water Lane, Blackfriars, at 

 whii-h medicines are sold to the public; and where all the medicines 

 are prepared that are used in the army and navy. They also possess a 

 garden, to which every medical student in London is admitted, of 

 above three acres in extent, at Chelsea, in which exotic plants are cul- 

 tivated. The ground was originally devised to them, in 1673, for 

 sixty-one years at a rent of five pounds, by Charles Cheyne, Esq., lord 

 of the manor of Chelsea, and afterwards granted to them in perpetuity, 

 in 1721, by his successor Sir Hans Sloane, on condition that they 

 should annually present to the Royal Society, at one of their public 

 meetings, eighty specimens or samples of different sorts of plants, well- 

 cured and of the growth of the garden, till the number should amount 

 to two thousand. This they have done, and the specimens are pre- 

 served by the Royal Society. They still observe an old custom of 

 making every summer a number of herbalizing or simpling excursions 

 to the country, which are now, we believe, so conducted as to be 

 valuable botanical lessons to the apprentices or pupils by whom the 

 members of the society are accompanied on these occasions. The 

 society gives every year a gold and a silver medal to the best-informed 

 students in botany, who have attended then- garden. 



APOTHEO'SIS (iaroeiuvu, a deification, literally, a god-making), 

 the enrolment of a mortal among the gods. The mythology of Greece 

 is full of instances of this : it is sufficient to call to mind Minos, 

 Hercules, and other heroes, who received divine honours. It was one 

 of the doctrines of Pythagoras, that good men after death were raised 

 into the order of gods. To exalt fellow-men to this extent, however, 

 was foreign to the disposition of republican states; and, therefore, 

 though the Greeks always held in high respect the heroes of ancient 

 times, we hear of no deifications from the time when a republican 

 form of government became prevalent in Greece, until the spirit of 

 indi-pcndence was broken, and the Greeks became as obsequious to 

 kings and princes, as they had formerly been unbending. There is, 

 'r, an example to the contrary recorded by Herodotus (v. 47) : 

 The people of Egeste built an herm/m to Pliilippus, though he fell in 

 battle against them, and offered sacrifices to him, as Herodotus himself 



testifies ; it was on account of his beauty that he was deified. 

 Alexander, according to some rather doubtful stories, not only claimed 

 divine parentage, but a divine nature while on earth ; and the com- 

 pliment of deification was commonly paid to the princes of the various 

 dynasties who succeeded to his empire. On the coins of the Seleucidso 

 we often find the word " God " (0eis). In Rome, also, we find Romulus 

 raised to the rank of a god ; but there are no instances of Romans 

 admitted to the rank of deity, from the expulsion of Tarquin, until the 

 empire of the Caesars. Julius Caesar was worshipped as a god after 

 his murder. Augustus, while yet alive, was declared the tutelary god 

 of all the cities of the empire, and the succeeding emperors after 

 death were enrolled among the numerous tenants of heaven. It is to 

 the death and reception of Julius Caesar into heaven, that the 5th 

 Eclogue of Virgil is by some supposed to refer. 



The term Apotheosis, however, is more especially used to signify the 

 ceremony by which the Roman emperors were admitted, if we may 

 use the expression, after death to divine honours. This is minutely 

 described by Herodian (lib. iv. c. 3), and the passage presents so curious 

 a picture of the absurdities into which an idolatrous religion betrayed 

 its votaries, that we translate it here : " It is the custom of the 

 Romans to deify those of their emperors who die, leaving successors ; 

 and this rite they call apotheosis. On this occasion, a semblance of 

 mourning, combined with festival and religious observances, is visible 

 throughout the city. The body of the dead they honour after human 

 fashion, with a splendid funeral ; and making a waxen image in all 

 respects resembling him, they expose it to view in the vestibule of the 

 palace, on a lofty ivory couch of great size, spread with cloth of gold. 

 The figure is made pallid, like a sick man. During most of the day 

 senators sit round the bed on the left side, clothed in black ; and 

 noble women on the right, clothed in plain white garments, like 

 mourners, wearing no gold or necklaces. These ceremonies continue 

 for seven days ; and the physicians severally approach the couch, and, 

 looking on the sick man, say that he grows worse and worse. And 

 when they have made believe that he is dead (tirav Se Siffp TETE AeurrjKe Vai), 

 the noblest of the equestrian and chosen youths of the senatorial orders 

 take up the couch, and bear it along the Via Sacra, and expose it in 

 the old forum. Platforms like steps are built on each side : on one 

 of which stands a chorus of noble youths, and on the opposite, a chorus 

 of women of high rank, who sing hymns and songs of praise (ypvovs 

 Hal trcuavas) to the deceased, modulated in a solemn and mournful 

 strain. Afterwards they bear the couch through the city to the 

 Campus M art i i is ; in the broadest part of which, a square pile is con- 

 structed entirely of logs of timber of the largest size, in the shape of a 

 chamber, filled with faggots, and on the outside adorned with hangings 

 interwoven with gold and ivory images and pictures. Upon this, a 

 similar, but smaller chamber is built, with open doors and windows, 

 and above it, a third and fourth, still diminishing to the top, BO that 

 one might compare it to the light houses, which are called P/tari. In 

 the second story they place a bed, and collect all sorts of aromatics and 

 incense ; and every sort of fragrant fruit or herb or juice ; for all 

 cities and nations and persons of eminence, emulate each other in 

 contributing these last gifts in honour of the emperor. And when a 

 vast heap of aromatics is collected, there is a procession of horsemen 

 and of chariots around the pile, with the drivers clothed in robes of 

 office, and wearing masks made to resemble the most distinguished 

 Roman generals and emperors. When all this is done, the successor 

 to the empire applies a torch to the building ; and others set fire to it 

 on every side, which easily catches hold of the faggots and aromatics. 

 And from the highest and smallest story, as from a pinnacle, an eagle 

 is let loose to mount into the sky as the fire ascends ; which is believed 

 by the Romans to carry the soul of the emperor from earth to heaven : 

 and from that time he is worshipped with the other gods." Compare 

 with this description Dion's account (book 74), of the funeral cere- 

 monies of Pertinax. 



In conformity with this practice, it is common to see on medals 

 struck in honour of an apotheosis, an altar with fire on it, and an eagle 

 taking its flight into the air. Several representations of real or sup- 

 posed apotheoses have been preserved in ancient gems and sculptures ; 

 of which the most celebrated is the apotheosis of Homer, formerly in 

 the Colonna palace at Rome, but now in the Townley Gallery of the 

 British Museum. This monument shows, in the lower compartment, 

 the interior of a temple, and thence upwards the process of the apo- 

 theosis. This work of art has been illustrated by some of the most 

 eminent of modern scholars. Montfaucon has published the apotheosis 

 of Romulus in the third volume of the supplement to his ' Antiqui- 

 ties '; and there is an apotheosis of Augustus, on an onyx eleven inches 

 by nine, in the Imperial Library at Paris. 



APO'TOME, in ancient Greek music (from airi, from, and Tf/ico?, to 

 cut), the remainder of a whole tone when diminished by a limma 

 [LIMMA], or smaller semitone, the ratios being 2187 and 2048. The 

 Greeks were aware that the tone-major could not be rationally divided 

 into two equal parts ; they therefore divided it into a greater and less 

 semitone, which they called apotume and limma, the difference whereof 

 is a comma. [COMMA.] Under the heads TONE, and SCALE, MUSICAL, 

 OF THE GREEKS, will be found further information concerning the 

 ancient manner of dividing the octave. 



APPARATUS SCULPTO'RIS, or the Sculptor's Workshop, a con- 

 stellation formed by Lacaille. It is situated in that region of tlio 



