APPLE. 



APPORTIONS K\T. 



H. 



" At the end of right or turn years from the time when the tree* 

 an ftnt planted, they will have oorerad with their branches the whole 

 surfeee of the ground, and will then begin to injure each other, if the 

 whole be aufctd to remain. At thU period, therefore, every other 

 row of tree*, and at no distant subsequent period, every other tree in 

 the remaining raws, mint be taken away; and if thia be done with 

 proper care, and leaving the root* at leant two feet long upon each aide 

 of the trunk., such tree* may be removed with still leas riak than such 

 a* are much smaller. But to insure success, it will be necessary to 

 take off much the greater part of the lateral branche* ; and the holea 

 ia which the trees are to be plant*.! must be made not lees than six 

 feet wide, sad eighteen inches deep, placing the turf, if the field be 

 pasture, in the bottom, and taking care that the trees be not planted 

 Jsener ia the soil than they previously grew. Each tree will require, 

 daring the ftnt year, a stake and a few bushes to protect it ; after 

 which, nothing more will be wanting than to wash ite trunk annually 

 with lime and water, and cow dung, to defend it from the teeth of 



, they are now almost exclusively planted, independently 



e space they occupy, the small degree in which they ovcr- 



aoil, and the great facility they offer for gathering their 



ire generally so much beyond the influence of high winds 



For garden purposes, dwarf apple trees are so far superior to all 

 others, that they are now almost exclusively planted. Independently 



t MM ..: 

 shadow the 



fruit, they are generally so much beyond 



as to hare but little of their crop blown down by autumnal gales, and 

 their fruit is also finer than on standards. No directions for their 



I be given better than the following excellent observa- 

 tions of the author of the ' Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden.' 



" Trees for this purpose should have their branches of an equal 

 strength : those which have been grafted one year, or what are termed 

 by nurserymen Maiden plants, are the best; they should not be cut 

 down when planted, but should stand a year, and then be headed down 

 to the length of four or six inches, according to their strength ; theae 

 will produce three or four shoot* from each cut-down branch, which 

 will be sufficient to form a head. At the end of the second year, two 

 or three of the best placed of theae from each branch should be 

 selected, and shortened back to nine, twelve, or fifteen inches each, 

 according to their strength, taking care to keep the head perfectly 

 balanced (if the expression may be allowed), so that one side shall not 

 be higher nor more numerous in its branches than the other ; and all 

 must be kept, as near as may be, at an equal distance from each other. 

 If thia regularity in forming the head be attended to and effected at 

 first, there will be no difficulty in keeping it so afterwards, by observing 

 either to prune to that bud immediately on the inside, next to the 

 centre of the tree, or that immediately on the outside. By this means, 

 viewing it from the centre, the branches will be produced in a per- 

 pendicular line from the eye ; whereas, if pruned to a bud on the right 

 or left side of the branch, the young shoot will be produced in the 

 same direction ; so that if the branches formed round a circle be not thus 

 pruned to the eyes, on the right successively, or the left successively, 

 a very material difference will be found, and the regularity of the tree 

 win be destroyed in one single year's pruning ; which may be readily 

 illustrated thus : fix four branches, either in a direct line or to a 

 circular hoop, at the distance of eight inches from each other ; let the 

 branch on the left be called a, the second 6, the third c, the fourth d ; 

 head down a to the left-hand bud ; o to the right, e to the left, and d 

 to the right. When these have grown a year, those between a and 6, 

 and between e and rf, will be ten inches : thus the distances now are 

 not a* eight to eight, but as six to ten ; which would require two yearn 

 pruning in a contrary direction to restore the head to ite former regu- 

 larity ; and it must not be forgotten that this system of pruning will 

 bold good in every other case. 



" What has just been said has reference only to the leading shoots, 

 which are always produced from the terminal buds when pruned, and 

 which alone form the figure and beauty of the tree. The intermediate 

 space must of course be provided for at the same time, having a regard 

 to the number of branches thus employed, that they do not crowd each 

 other. On the contrary, they must be kept thin, and perfectly open, 

 so as to admit plenty of sun and air, without which the fruit produced 

 will be small and good fur but little : the middle of the tree, indeed, 

 must be kept quite open from the first to the last, taking care that 

 all the surrounding branches lead outwards, and preserve a regular 

 distance from each other. 



Bpotor apple-tree* were formerly much used, but they are in all 



/ inferior to dwarfs, and so much more expensive to 

 keep in good order, that we omit all further notice of them. 



" A mode of managing apple-trees called Balloon training has been 

 mnch reoommended. It consists simply in this : you plant a common 

 standard tree, with a stem six or seven feet high, and with five or six 

 good equal sued branches; to the tip of each branch is to be attached 

 cord which passes under a peg driven into the ground near the stem, 

 and by means of which the branches may be gradually drawn down- 

 ward* so as to become inverted, when, from the breadth of the part of 

 the tree whence the branches diverge, and the approximation oftheir 

 points, the whole assume, the appearance of a balloon. All the care 

 that then trees require is. to have their branches kept at equal dis- 

 tance* by mean* of a hoop, or some such contrivance, until they are 

 rtrong enough to preserve their acquired direction, and to have all the 

 .hoot* which wiD every year spring upwards from them carefully cut 



away, except such as can be brought down so as to fill up the space* in 

 the circumference of the balloon head. Trees thus managed produce 

 an abundance of spurs, and when loaded with fruit are beautiful 

 objects ; like dwarfs, they occupy but little room, and their crop is not 

 liable to be blown down; )>ut they have this very great disadvantage, 

 that all their buds are exposed to the sky in the spring, when they 

 flower; consequently they are liable to suffer very much from the 

 effect of spring fronts ; so that they will scarcely ever bear, except in 

 very favourable seasons, or in very mild and sheltered places. It U, in 

 fact, only into gardens sloping to the south or south-west, and on the 

 sides of valleys, that balloon apple-trees should be admitted. 



" Many different methods of pretcrriiuf apples have been recommended, 

 and almost every one has some favourite plan of his own. As far as 

 our own experience goes, the best mode is to allow the f mite, after being 

 gathered, to lie till their sujierfluous moisture has evaporated, which is 

 what is technically called tiMatimj ; the apples should then be wiped 

 quite dry, wrapped in tissue paper, and stowed away in jars or chests 

 of pure silver sand which has been previously dried in an oven. They 

 should always be taken out of the sand a few days before they are 

 wanted, and laid in dry fern or some such substance ; they then absorb 

 oxygen, and acquire a little sweetness, which is necessary to their 

 perfection." 



The apple is propagated by either budding or grafting; the furnii-r 

 practice is preferable for standards, the latter for dwarfs. The stocks 

 that are employed are the wild crab, the doucin or English paradise, 

 and the French paradise apple. The former should be us. 

 standards only, as it imparts too much vigour to the scions to render 

 them manageable as dwarfs ; the French paradise should always be 

 employed for the latter, as it has the property of stunting the shoots, 

 and rendering them much more fertile. The doucin or English para- 

 dise stock, which is what the English nurserymen usually sell as the 

 paradise stock, is intermediate in its effect between the crab and the 

 French paradise, being less vigorous than the first and more so than 

 the last. When there is no wish to confine the dwarf trees within a 

 very narrow compass, this kind of stock, which is hardier than the 

 French paradise, is the proper one to employ ; but if the dwarf est trees 

 that can be procured are the objects of the cultivator, then the latter 

 only should be planted. 



In conclusion, it is only necessary to add, that the proper season for 

 planting the apple U in October or November, as soon as the leaves are 

 dead or discoloured, and beginning to drop. Vegetation at that season 

 is not altogether torpid, but goes on just enough to enable the plante 

 to send out a few rootlets before winter, and to prepare themselves for 

 taking advantage of the first period of growth in the succeeding - 

 a period, the commencement of which is never exactly known by 

 external indications. 



APPOGIATURA (in Music), is a note of expression or embellish- 

 ment, written in a smaller character than the essential notes of the 

 melody. It is used for the purposes of emphasis, especially in recitative. 

 The appogiatura takes ite length or duration from the note it precedes, 

 whence it usually abstracts half (except in the case of a dotted or 

 pointed note, from which it takes two-thirds). In the following 

 example, many varieties of the ftppogiatura are introduced : 



At vrltttn. 



i . r ,. J. r 



At performed. 



~ 



I i I If ="a < 



Occasionally the small note is not only written, but is intended to be 

 performed, as a very short one. The appogiatura gives tenderness to 

 the air, and is therefore not adapted to music of an energetic or 

 majestic kind. In the hands of an accomplished performer, it i.- 

 perhaps the most expressive and impassioned addition entrusted to his 

 discretion ; but, like other niceties, it fails in inferior hands. 



APPORTIONMENT. Apportionment of rent, 4c. is a term of law, 

 signifying the dividing of a rent, annuity, or other payment recurring 

 at fixed periods, and may be either among several persons entitled to 

 the rent, or between the person entitled to the rent and the ponton or 

 persons liable to the payment of it. 



A rent issuing out of land may be apportioned in two ways ; one by 

 granting the reversion of part of the land out of which the rent issue*, 

 the other by granting part of the rent to one person and part to 

 another. When rent is reserved upon a lease, and the lessor disposes 

 of part of the lands in reversion, either by will or deed, the rent is 

 apportionable, provided the lessee concur. But the lessee is not bound 

 by any apportionment made without his consent. If the lessor or a 

 stranger recovers any part of the land, or the lessor enters for a for- 

 feiture upon part thereof, or the lessee surrenders a part to the lessor, 

 the rent will be apportioned in respect to the part so recovered or 

 surrendered and the )rt remaining in the hands of the lessee. 



When a lessee alien* a part of the land comprised in his lease, the 



