AUAUt.K I. AM. 



AUAItl K LAND. 



MM clod*. The need of this i* greatly increase.! wher* vary .tiff soil* 

 have (MM ploughed what too wet, and Uie ridgM have dried, and bora 

 ploughed again in dry weather. Deep wt clay soils should be care- 

 fully watched, to know when U the proper time to plough them ; 

 notLag pohehsea tham like frost, and if they an kept from wet by 

 careful draining and numerous water furrowi in autumn, they will be 

 IOOM and friable in spring ; they had better not be touched than worked 



when too wet. On light soils the plain roller u used to advantage to 

 produce tinnneas, without which tie plough cannot ao well turn the 

 ground over completely, but merely puahe* it to the right and left 



The great expense of team* for the plough ha* led to expedient* and 

 invention* to leaaen the labour; but, in general, a more imperfect culti- 

 vation ha* reaulted from it. Columella mention* one Celsus, whom he 

 blamea beoauae, to 'aave the expense of a stronger team, he only 



Sr.iriiii-i. 



scratched the ground with small shares and toothed instrument* 

 (txigu'u Fomeribut el dtRtalibtu) ; ' and a modern agriculturist of some 

 note ha* revived the practice of Celsus. General Beatson, who had 

 been in India and had seen the simple instruments used there by the 



recommended stirring the soil only a few inches deep, except occa- 

 sionally ; and, by means of burnt clay, which ha uaed in great abundance, 

 he produced a succession of good crops : but he had too high an 

 opinion of the fertilising qualities of burnt clay, which made him 



natives, substituted for the plough and cultivators in common use, ', undervalue animal and vegetable manure ; and although he may have 

 various light instrument*, of which he published an account. He I improved the texture of his heavy soil by the burnt clay, which is 



Fif. 4 



(FuUsvson's Patent narrow.] 



*, , The iron frame. 6, 6, The teeth, shaped m, to turn the weeds over. 



*,,, Three (Ball wheels, of whleh th* foremost U brought forward by depressing the lever rf, and raising the teeth out of the ground. 

 , It a osrtriruM to ke*p the lever, i. In U7 required position, so as to renulatc the depth to which the teeth, , , enter the ground. 



/, 1s the hook 07 which the Instrument Is drawn. 



insoluble and abaorbent, he will find out , like the follower* of Tull, 

 that manure* which contain the whole fund of planta can alone main- 

 l.iui f.rtility. 



The influence of the atmosphere on the anil, and the increased fertility 

 produced by pulverising and stirring heavy lands, ha* led to the notion 

 adopted by Jethro Tull, that labour might entirely supersede the neces 

 *ity of manure : hence the origin of the hone-hoeing husbandry, which 

 at one time waa so highly thought of a* to be called, by way of distinct ion , 

 the < husbandry. Fallows and manuring were both discarded as 

 iinneceeearr ; the aeed wa* sown in row* with wide interval*, which 

 were continually kept worked and stirred. At first the result was 

 highly eaUsfactory ; all the available food of plant*, by expoeure to 

 the air, wan brought into use, and taken up by the plant*, which throve 

 well a* long a* the supply lasted : but in the end it wa* exhausted ; 

 and th* warmest admirers and supporters of Tull'* system, Du Hamel 



and De Chate.iuvieux, beside* many others, found to their cost, in 

 practice, that pulverising alone will not restore fertility. The system 

 of drilling and horse-hoeing, when united with judicious manuring, 

 has, however, been found a great improvement in agriculture. The 

 most distinguished follower of the school of Tull is the the Rev. 8. 

 Hniith, of Lois Weedon, Northamptonshire, whose experience, now 

 extending over eleven or twelve years, proves that on certain soils a 

 properly timed anil industrious tilUgc, gradually deepening the culti- 

 vated land, does maintain its fertility in an extraordinary manner, 

 independently of any additiim of fertilising matter in the form of 

 manure. But for a further description of this subject, we must refer to 

 the article TIIXAOK. 



In describing the variou* processes in general use in the cultivation 

 of the soil, weliave taken the year when the land is fallowed ; because 

 it is then that it receives the most perfect culture, which enables it to 



