ARRT. \^T 



ex in action in the superior eoorta, he ihauld prove that be ha* 

 almdy applied to one of the oourU of coucilution. TheM eourU, 

 which are attended with venr small expense to the suitors, were, 

 after their establishment, multi|>lirl rapidly in Denmark and Norway, 

 and are cud to have produced an astonishing decrease in the amount .-f 

 contentious litigation. (See Tableau de State 

 tone I, p. SM.) 



DanoU,' par Carteau, 



ARBLAST, or ARBALEST, m* the name more particularly given 

 to the croes-bow. Robert of Gloucester, in his ' Chronicle,' published 

 by Hearne, p. 878. makes an especial difference between the bowmen 

 and the arbUstos, or arblaster*. the cross-bowmen. In the Latin of the 

 middle age* it i* called ' arenbansta.' from amu, a bow, and the Greek 

 word /MAAv. to east or shoot 



The precise date and origin of the arbalest is unknown ; but it seems 

 easily derivable from the larger species of ballistK. Vegetius is inclined 

 to consider the scoryto to be the same as the cross-bow : he speaks of 

 scorpions, which he says they now name mn*Hball>rire : and in later 

 writer* the modern weapon is sometimes termed ttorpio maxitalin. 



Pitiscus, in his ' Lexicon,' has assigned the introduction of the 

 arbalest into the Roman armies to the time of Conrtantine, or a little 

 earlier. 



Strutt thought that the cross-bow was introduced into England 

 about the 13th century ; but Daines Harrington comes probably nearer 

 to the truth (' Arehacologia,' vol. vii. p. 46), when he inclines to the 

 opinion that it wait the arbalest, and not the long bow, which was used 

 with such destructive effect at the battle of Hastings by the Normans. 

 There can be little doubt but that the arbalest was introduced by the 

 Normans at their first arrival. We have no mention whatever of it in any 

 writer or document of the Saxon times ; but in the ' Domesday Survey,' 

 compiled in 1086, we have several arrnbaliitarri, captains of cross-bow 

 men, among the tenants in chief. No such appellation is given in that 

 record to any person who held lands in the time of King Edward the 



'. - v 



Brompton, in Twysden's ' Scriptores,' col. 1278, says, that the use of 

 the arbalest having been laid aside, was revived by King Richard I., 

 who was afterwards killed by an arrow shot from one at the siege of 

 i i. .: 



The arrows for the cross-bow were called quarrels, from the French 

 rarrtaur. [ARCHEBTj 



ARBORETUM. This name has been lately extended beyond its 

 strict botanical meaning, and made to apply to public parks opened 

 near large manufacturing towns. In 1837 a resolution was passed by 

 the House of Commons to the effect that, in all new Enclosure Acts, 

 some portions of the waste land about to be appropriated should be set 

 apart for the healthful recreation of the neighbouring towns and 

 villages. This resolution has led to the establishment of many places 

 for open-air recreation. 



Mr. Joseph Strutt, of Derby, made a munificent gift to the inhabit- 

 ants of that town, in 1840, of an Arboretum or public park. He 

 expended twelve thousand pounds in the purchase of eleven acres of 

 ground at the south end of the town, and in laying out this ground 

 with walks, lawns, plantations, and other accessaries. The late Mr. 

 Loudon wa* employed to conduct the operations ; and, in a pamphlet 

 on the subject, he has given the reasons which induced him to deter- 

 mine on an Arboretum, instead of a botanic garden or a mere pleasure- 

 ground. Near each tree and shrub is a small tablet, on which is 

 written the catalogue number of the specimen, the Latin or scientific 

 name, the English name, the habitat, the full-grown height, the date 

 of the introduction, Ac. By a deed of settlement the Arboretum is 

 placed in the hands of the corporation of Derby, for the benefit of the 

 inhabitants. 



When the modern town of Birkenhead was laid out on so magnifi- 

 cent a scale, a public park was planned on a basis of unusual liberality. 

 An i > pen spot of 190 acres was so arranged, that 120 acres were laid 

 out in shrubberies, lakes, walks, and drives for the free use of the 

 inhabitants; while the remaining 70 acres were appropriated for 

 handsome residences intended to border the park. Mr. (now Sir 

 Joseph) Paxton was employed to form the park. The cost of the 

 land and the laying out of the park was about 130,0(MV; and it was 

 computed that the 70 acres would resell for building-ground at about 

 the same sum; so that this excellent public spirited arrangement 

 would in effect cost nothing to the townsmen collectively. 



In 1946-7 no fewer than three public parks were established in the 

 neighbourhood of Manchester: natm ly, Peel Park, opposite Salford- 

 creacent ; Queen's Park, in the Rochdale-road ; and Phillip's Park, in 

 Anooats. The purchasing of the estates and the formation of the 

 parks were effected by a committee, to whose hands munificent 

 donations were entrusted. 



In 1852 an Arboretum was opened at Nottingham. It comprised an 

 area of 18 acres, at the northern limits of the town ; and it comprised, 

 greenswards, paths, and drives, plantations of trees and shrubs, and .1 

 lake containing aquatic birds. This was not the gift of a private 

 individual; it resulted from the provisions of an Enclosure Act 

 passed in 1846. 



About the same period an Arboretum was formed at Ipswich. 

 Bradford and Liverpool toon afterwards recognised the importance of 

 places of open air recreation, whether called by the name of Arboretum 

 or by any other name. 



The metropolis has, within a comparatively small number of years 

 obtained an addition of two to its former number of public parka. 

 These are Victoria Park and Battersea Park, situated respectively at 

 the north-east and south-west extremities of the Metm|>oUi<. Each 

 contains the beginning of what may one day be an Arborvtmn. The 

 unsightly Kennington-common has been converted into a park of 

 humble pretensions. A park and arboretum for Fi nshury have long 

 been under consideration, but though an Act has been obtained for 

 it* construction, no stops have been taken for carrying it into effect. 

 Hampstead-heath. so for as it contains the elements for an Arboretum, 

 has been with difficulty preserved from the builders, who have covered 

 so many other open spots near London with bricks and mortar. 



Without attempting to notice all the parks for the people, con- 

 structed and thrown open within the last few years, we must at any 

 rate devote a few words of description to that at Halifax, muni 1 

 presented to the inhabitants by Mr. Crossley, a carpet mamif.i 

 and member for the borough. This park, which wo* o|.ne<l ii< 

 covers an area of about 13 acres; and cost, with the laying out of 

 the grounds by Sir J. Paxton, no lees a Mini than 80.000/. Besides 

 terraces, statues, vases, basins, fountains, a small piece of water, with a 

 bridge, Ac., the park contains a collection of trees, shrubs, and flowers, 

 which so far entitle it to the name of an Arboretum. In the autumn 

 of the same year (1857), Blackburn obtained a fine " people's park " of 

 60 acres, provided by corporate funds, and containing a goodh 

 tion of trees ami shrubs. 



One of the most interesting examples is that of Aston Hall and park 

 at Birmingham intereoting for the circumstances under which the work 

 was effected. About three miles from the centre of Birmingham is a fine 

 old Elizabethan mansion, Aston Hall (the ' Braeebridge Hall ' of 

 ington Irving). This mansion passed out of the hands of the 

 whose members had possessed it during many generations ; and in 1856, 

 there was a probability that the fine park would soon become covered 

 with houses. This the men of Birmingham chiefly the working men 

 prevented. A sum of 42,000/. was raised by subscriptions, to 

 purchase Aston Hall and Park " for the people." This was done ; and 

 in June 1858, Queen Victoria, amid great splendour, was present at 

 the inauguration of a work so worthily undertaken. A fine collection 

 of trees and shrubs, or Arboretum, forms part of the adornments of 

 the park. 



ARBUTIN (Cj.Hj.O,,,?). A crystalline body obtained from the 

 leaves of the Arctottapnylm urtf-tmi. In contact with the ferment 



Kaptatf, it is said to be transformed into grape sugar and a crystal- 

 line substance to which the name Arrturin has been given : 



Arbutin. 



Grape inRir. 



ARC, from the Latin arcut, a bow, signifies any part of a curve line, 

 as A c B. The straight line A n, which joins the extremities of the arc, 

 H called its CHORD. 



For the arc of a rircfc, see ANGLE, where the method of finding the 

 arc from its angle, and the converse, is given. For the properties f 

 the arcs of various curves, see their several names. 



It is found necessary to assume the following axiom previously to 

 any general investigation of the properties of an arc. Every arc is 

 greater than its chord, but, when concave to the chord throughout, is 

 less than the sum of the sides of any rectilinear figure which cont.-iins 

 it Thus A c B is greater than A B, but less than the sum of A D, D E, 

 and E B. If r and y be the co-ordinates of any point in the curve. (! 

 general method of finding the arc is by the integration of the formula 



or, in the language of the fluxional calculus. 



flu I'll t of V.r* + y*. 



The practical method of finding the length of an arc, which is an 

 approximation to the preceding process, is as follows: Divide the arc 

 into a number of smaller arcs, making the number large in proportion 

 to the degree of accuracy required, and add together the chords (.f the 

 smaller arcs. The sum of the chords will differ very little from the 

 are, even when the number of subdivisions in not very large. For 

 instance, the are of the quadrant of a circle, whose diameter < 

 millions of inches, is 7,8S3,982 inches, within half an inch. Divide 

 this quadrant into ten equal parts, and the sum of the chords is 

 7,845,910 inches : divide the quadrant into fifty parts, and the snm<> 

 sum is 7,853,659 inches, whii-h in not wrong by more than one part out 

 of 24.316. For only twenty xiilxlivisionH the sum of the chords i* 



