493 



ARCHEOLOGY. 



ARCHBISHOP. 



494 



erection of a new front to that building, to the north-eastern entrance 

 of Hyde Park. On Roman triumphal arches the reader may consult 

 Pitiscus, ' Lexicon Antiquitatum Romanorum,' art. Arcus. 



The arch of Augustus at Rimini is 60 feet in height and 27 in 

 depth or thickness ; the gateway is 31 feet, being the widest opening 

 among all the ancient arches in Italy. The front is decorated with 

 two Corinthian columns 32 feet high. It is made of Istrian marble. 



The arch of Septimius Sevenis is 61 feet high, 71 feet long, and 

 22 feet deep. The central archway is 36 feet high, and 22 feet wide. 

 The side arches are 22 feet high and 10 wide. 



The arch of Orange, in the south of France, supposed, but upon no 

 certain grounds, to have been erected in honour of Caius Marius, is 

 70 feet high and 66 long. It is a triple arch. 



Arches bearing a great resemblance to triumphal arches, but simpler 

 in form and less ornamented, were also erected at the entrances to the 

 road-way of bridges in Italy, Spain, and France ; though comparatively 

 few of them remain. There is one on the bridge erected by Trajan at 

 Alcantara in Spain. Two of very elegant form and in good preserva- 

 tion occur at the bridge of St. Chamas in Provence ; and there is a 

 similar double-arch bridge at Saintes in the South of France. These 

 bridge-arches all bear inscriptions recording the date, &c., of their 

 erection 



ARCH^EO'LOGY, literally 'the study of antiquity or ancient things,' 

 from dpxriot, ancient, and \6-yos, a discourse. Though the term is often 

 used, its meaning in this country has not always beeu very exactly 

 fixed ; but there is nothing properly belonging to it which is not 

 included under the heads of ANTIQUITY and ANTIQUITIES. Like the 

 latter term, the term archaeology has been somewhat capriciously confined 

 to the study of Greek and Roman art ; but it is now usually employed 

 to express generally the study of all that concerns the early history of 

 any civilised nation or country. The great extension which the study 

 of archaeology has received of late years, and is still receiving, has led 

 to the formation of various associations, both in this country and 

 throughoxit Europe, in order to unite the exertions of all who devote 

 themselves to the study. One of the first of these was the Archa>olo- 

 gical Institute of Rome, founded in 1829. In our own country, not 

 only are there metropolitan institutes, which have for their object the 

 investigation of the antiquities of the country generally, but in several 

 counties associations have been established, having for their special 

 object the study and preservation of local antiquities. 



ARCHBISHOP. For what belongs to the episcopal character and 

 office generally, we refer to the word BISHOP : we mean to confine our- 

 selves in this article to what belongs more peculiarly to the archbishop. 

 For though, m this country, and generally throughout Europe, the 

 archbishop has his own diocese in which he exercises ordinary episcopal 

 functions like any other bishop in his diocese, yet he has a distinct 

 character, having an admitted superiority and a certain jurisdiction 

 over the bishops in his province, who are sometimes called his suffragans, 

 together with some peculiar privileges. This superiority is indicated in 

 the name. The word or syllable arch is the Greek element apx (which 

 occurs in ipx^i ^PX^, dpx au > * c -)> and denotes precedence or authority. 

 It it used extensively throughout ecclesiastical nomenclature, as may be 

 seen in Du Gauge's ' Glossary,' where there are the names of many 

 ecclesiastical officers into whose designations this word enters, who 

 were either never introduced into the English Church or have long 

 ceased to exist. Exalted officers of state have sometimes designations 

 into which this word enters, as arch-duke. Why this word was used 

 peculiarly in ecclesiastical affairs rather than any other term denoting 

 superiority is probably to be explained by the fact that the term 

 dpX"p*i>s, for chief-priest, occurs hi the Greek text of the Christian 

 Scriptures. Patriarch is a less obvious compound of the same class, 

 denoting the chief father, and is used in ecclesiastical nomenclature to 

 denote a bishop who has authority not only over other bishops, but 

 over the whole collected bishops of divers kingdoms or states ; it is 

 analogous in signification to the word pope (papa), a bishop to whom 

 this extended superintendence is attributed. 



Whatever might be the precise functions of the cpiscopus (Maxoitos, 

 bishop), the term itself occurs in the writings of St. Paul, Phil. i. 1, 

 1 Tim. iii. 2, and elsewhere ; but the word dpx'**'"">Tros, or archbishop, 

 is not found till about or after the 4th century. Cyrillus Archiepis- 

 copus Hierosolymitanorum, and Celestinus Archiepiscopus Romanonim, 

 oacur under these designations in the proceedings of the Council held 

 nt Ephesus, A.D. 431. Other terms by which an archbishop is some- 

 times designated are primate and metropolitan. The first of these is 

 formed from the Latin word primta, ' the first,' and denotes simple 

 precedency, the first among the bishops. The latter is a Greek term, 

 which rendered literally into English would be the man of the inntlur- 

 rity, that is, the bishop who resides in that city where is the mother 

 I'linrch of all the other churches within the province or district in 

 which he is the metropolitan. 



The term metropolitan, when thus analysed, points out to us the 

 origin of whatever real distinction there is between bishop and arch- 

 bishop, or, in other words, the cause of that elevation which is given to 

 the archbishop above the bishops in hi province, when it is not to be 

 attributed to mere personal assumption, or to be regarded only as an 

 unmeaning title. The way in which Christianity became extended 

 over Europe was this : an establishment was gained by some zealous 

 preacher in some one city ; there he built a church, performed in it the 



rites of Christianity, and lived surrounded by a company of clerks 

 engaged in the same design and moving according to his directions. 

 From this central point, these persons were sent from time to time 

 into the country around for the purpose of promoting the reception of 

 Christianity, and thus other churches became founded, offspring or 

 children, to use a very natural figure, of the church whence the mis- 

 sionaries were sent forth. When one of these subordinate missionaries 

 had gained an establishment in one of the more considerable cities, 

 remote from the city in which the original church was seated, there 

 was a convenience in conferring upon him the functions of a bishop ; 

 and the leading design, the extension of Christianity, was more 

 effectually answered than by reserving all the episcopal powers in the 

 hands of the person who presided in the mother church. Thus other 

 centres became fixed ; other bishoprics established ; and as the prelate 

 who presided in the first of these churches was still one to whom pre- 

 cedence at least was due, and who still retained in his hands some 

 superintendence over the newer bishops, archbishop became a suitable 

 designation. Thus, in England, when there was that new beginning of 

 Christianity in the time of Pope Gregory, Augustine, the chief person of 

 the mission, gained an early establishment at Canterbury, the capital 

 of the kingdom of Kent, through the favour of King Ethelbert. There, 

 in this second conversion, as it may be called, the first Christian church 

 was established, and thence the persons were sent out who at length 

 Christianised the whole of the southern part of England. Pauliuus, 

 in like manner, a few years later, gained a similar establishment in the 

 kingdom of Northumbria, through the zeal of King Edwin, who 

 received Christianity, and built him a church at York, one of his royal 

 cities, which may be regarded as the chief city of Edwin's kingdom. 

 From York the light of Christianity was diffused over the northern 

 parts of England, as from Canterbury over the southern. It seems 

 to have been the peculiar diligence and dignity of Paulinus which pro- 

 cured for him the title of archbishop, and gave him a province, instead 

 of a diocese only, as was the case with the other members of the Augus- 

 tinian mission. This was done by special act, under the authority, it is 

 said, of Justus, an early successor of Augustine. But the precedence 

 of the real English metropolitan is acknowledged in two circumstances : 

 in the style, the one being a primate of England, and the other the 

 primate of all England ; and in the rank, precedence being always given 

 to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Chancellor of England 

 being interposed in processions between the two archbishops. 



Under the later empire the name metropolis was applied to various 

 cities of Asia and conferred on them as a title of rank. The emperors 

 Theodosius and Valentinian conferred on Berytus in Phoenicia the 

 name and rank of a metropolis " for many and sufficient reasons." 

 (' Cod. 1 xi. tit. 22 (21).) Accordingly the bishop of a metropolis was 

 called metropolitan (^rrrpoiroAfTijs), and the bishop of a city which was 

 under a metropolis was simply called bishop. All the bishops, both 

 metropolitan and others, were subject to the archbishop and patriarch 

 of Constantinople, who received his instructions in ecclesiastical matters 

 from the emperor. (' Cod.' i. tit. 3, s. 42, 43.) 



The precise amount of superintendence and control preserved by the 

 archbishops over the bishops in their respective provinces, does not 

 seem to be very accurately defined. Yet if any bishop introduces 

 irregularities into his diocese, or is guilty of scandalous immoralities, the 

 archbishop of the province may, as it seems, inqiu're, call to account, 

 and punish. He may, it is said, deprive. In 1822 the archbishop of 

 Armagh deposed the bishop of Clogher from his bishopric. In dis- 

 putes between a diocesan and his clergy an appeal lies to the archbishop 

 of the province in all cases except disputes respecting curates' stipends. 

 (1 A 2 Viet. c. 106.) Rolle, a good authority, says that the archbishop 

 may appoint a co-adjutor to one of his suffragans who is infirm or 

 incapable. This right is now confirmed by 6 & 7 Viet. c. 62, intituled 

 ' An Act to provide for the Performance of the Episcopal Functions in 

 case of the Incapacity of any Bishop or Archbishop.' 



An archbishop has a right to name one of his clerks or chaplains to 

 be provided for by every bishop whom he consecrates. The present 

 practice is for the bishop whom he consecrates, to make over by deed 

 to the archbishop, his executors and assigns, the next presentation of 

 such benefice or dignity which is at the bishop's disposal within his 

 see, as the archbishop may choose. This deed only binds the bishop 

 who grants, and, therefore, if a bishop dies before the option is vacant, 

 the archbishop must make a new option when he consecrates a new 

 bishop. If the archbishop dies before the benefice or dignity is vacant, 

 the next presentation goes to his executors or assigns according to the 

 terms of the grant. 



The archbishop also nominates to the benefices or dignities which 

 are at the disposal of the bishops in his province, if not filled up within 

 six months from the time of the avoidance. During the vacancy of a 

 see, he is the guardian of the spiritualities. 



Certain of the bishops are nominally officers in the Cathedral of 

 Canterbury, or in the household of the archbishop. The archbishop has 

 also certain honorary distinctions ; he has in his style the phrase " by 

 Divine providence," but the bishop's style runs " by Divine permission ;" 

 and while the bishop is only installed, the archbishop is enthroned. 



The archbishops may nominate eight clerks each to be their chap- 

 lains. The archbishop of Canterbury claims the right of placing the 

 crown upon the head of a king at his coronation ; and the archbishop 

 of York claims to perform the same office for the queen consort. The 



