40? 



ARCHERY. 



ARCHERY. 



The archdeaconries are still subdivided into deaneries, and it is usual 

 for the archdeacon, when he holds his visitations, to summon the 

 clergy of each deanery to meet him at the chief town of the deanery. 

 Formerly, over each of the deaneries a substantive officer, called a dean, 

 presided, whose duty it was to observe and report, if he had not even 

 power to correct and reform ; but the office has been laid aside in some 

 <lioceses, though in others it has been re-established. But where it 

 has been superseded, the duties are discharged by the archdeacon. 

 Though the office of rural dean has been found extremely useful, no 

 emolument whatever is attached to it. 



Archdeacons must have been six full years in priest's orders ( 27, 

 3 & 4 Viet. c. 27), and they are appointed by the respective bishops ; 

 they are inducted by being placed in a stall in the cathedral by the 

 dean and chapter. By virtue of this lorui in charo a qnare impalit lies 

 for an archdeaconry. (Phillimore.) The duty of archdeacons now is to 

 visit their archdeaconries from time to time : to see that the churches, 

 and especially the chancel, are kept in repair, and that everything is 

 done conformably to the canons and consistently with the decent per- 

 formance of public worship ; and to receive presentations from the 

 churchwardens of matter of public scandal. The visitation of the 

 archdeacon may be held yearly, but he must of necessity have his 

 triennial visitation. Archdeacons may hold courts within their arch- 

 deaconries, in which they may hear ecclesiastical causes, but an appeal 

 lies to the superior court of the bishop. (24 Hen. VIII. c. 12.) By 8 of 

 344 Viet. c. 86, the archdeacon may be appointed one of the assessors 

 of the bishop's court in hearing proceedings against a clergyman. The 

 judge of the archdeacon's court, when he does not preside himself, is 

 called the Official. Sometimes the archdeacon has a peculiar juris- 

 diction, in which case his jurisdiction is independent of that of the 

 bishop of the diocese, and an appeal lies to the archbishop. [PECULIAR.] 

 By 6 4 7 Will. IV. c. 97, 19, it is enacted that all archdeacons 

 throughout England and Wales shall have and exercise full and equal 

 jurisdiction within their respective archdeaconries, any usage to the 

 contrary notwithstanding. 



In the revenue attached to the office of archdeacon, we see the 

 inconvenience which attends fixed money payments in connection with 

 offices which are designed to have perpetual endurance. It arises 

 chiefly from the payments by the incumbents. These payments 

 originally bore no contemptible ratio to the whole value of the benefice, 

 and formed a sufficient income for an active and useful officer of the 

 church ; but now, by the great change which has taken place in the 

 value of money, the payments are little more than nominal, and the 

 whole income of the archdeacons as such is very inconsiderable. The 

 office, therefore, is generally held by persons who have also benefices or 

 other preferment in the church. There have been in recent times 

 cases where archdeacons have held prebends of cathedrals in other 

 dioceses than that in which their jurisdiction was situated ; and also 

 instances in which they have had no cathedral preferment. The 1 & 

 _' Vii't. c. 106, 124, specially exempts archdeacons from the general 

 operation of the Act, by permitting two benefices to be held with an 

 archdeaconry. An archdeacon is said to be a corporation sole. Among 

 the recent Acts which affect archdeacons the most important are 1 & 2 

 Viet. c. 106 ; 3 & 4 Viet. c. 113 ; and 4 4. 5 Viet. c. 89. 



Catalogues of the English archdeacons may be found in a book 

 i-ntitli-d ' K;isti Ecclesiac Anglicante,' by John le Neve. Archdeaconries 

 i -en established in some, if not in all, of the dioceses of the new 

 colonial bishops. 



AKCHEKY, the art of shooting with a bow and arrow. With 

 respect to the origin of archery, the use of the bow may be traced to 

 the remotest antiquity, and it occurs in the history of many different 

 nations ; but some people, the ancient Britons for instance, did not 

 use the bow. The first notice which we find of it is in Genesis (xxi. 20), 

 where it is said that Ishmael the son of Abraham " dwelt in the wilder- 

 ness and became an archer :" a taw-shot too is mentioned in an earlier 

 verse of the name chapter as a measure of distance. In the Greek 

 mythology we find Apollo armed with the bow and arrow (Homer, 

 ' Iliad,' i. 45), and Hercules also, as described in the ' Odyssey ' (xi. 606). 

 The use of these weapons we may therefore conclude to be of very 

 high antiquity among the Greeks. In the war of Troy, the main force 

 <>f tin; Greeks appears to have consisted of soldiers who had heavy 

 ive armour; but the soldiers of Philoctetes were archers. The 

 Cretans maintained their reputation as skilful bowmen to a late period 

 in their history ; and we find Meriones, the companion of the 

 Cretan king Idomeneus, carrying off the prize from Teucer himself 

 (' Iliad,' xxiii. 882). Teucer, the brother of Ajax, who came from the 

 i.--Vvni! "f Salamis, excelled in the use of the bow and arrow, which 

 r however to have been considered less honourable weapons than 

 fiLT and sword. Ulysses in the ' Iliad" fights with the spear and 

 sword, but in the ' Odyssey ' we find the strength of the suitors tested 

 by the taw which Ulysses had left at home, and which he afterwards 

 uses against his domestic em r 



In the later times of Greece, archers formed a part of the light-armed 

 troops, in the same manner as the Sagitarii among the Romans after- 

 wards formed a part of the Vcliti-s. IVocopius records it as a great 

 improvement when the Roman auxiliaries were instructed to draw the 

 right hand to the ear. But the practice itself is of much greater 

 antiquity, as we see in the representations of the sea-fight on the walls 

 of Medinet-Hatau, at Thebes in Egypt. (' Egypte, Antiq.,' vol. ii.) 



ARTS ASD SCI. DIV. VOL. I. 



Representations of archers frequently occur in the sculptured slates 

 found at Khorsabad and Nineven (Botta and Layard, passim) ; indeed 

 the bow seems to have been a common weapon in the Assyrian armies. 

 Archery was also, as we learn from Procopius, the fashion with the 

 ancient Persians. 



Egyptian Archer. 



The time when the use of the long-bow commenced in England, as 

 a military weapon, is unknown. That which the Normans used at the 

 battle of Hastings was the arbalest or cross-bow. In the reign of 

 Henry II. we find several facts recorded which show the continuance 

 of the use of the cross-taw ; and in that of Henry III. we find cross- 

 bowmen forming the vanguard of the army. As a military weapon of 

 England, the arbalest, in all probability, was last used at the battle of 

 Bosworth in 1485, though as late as 1572 Queen Elizabeth engaged by 

 treaty to supply the King of France with 6000 men, armed partly with 

 long, partly with cross-bows. It was also used on the Continent hi 

 the wars of the 16th century. 



From the reign of Edward II. the mention of the long-bow becomes 

 frequent in our history. At Crdcy, at Poictiers, and at Agincourt, as 

 well as in several battles which were gained over the Scotch, tho 

 victory is ascribed to the English bowmen ; and it is particularly 

 noticed that at Cr^cy the rain, which had slackened the strings of the 

 Genoese cross-bows, had not weakened the effect of the long-bows 

 which our countrymen used. Edward III. enjoined the use of tho 

 long-bow in two precepts addressed to the sheriffs of counties ; and in 

 the reign of Richard II. an act was passed to compel all servants to 

 shoot with it on Sundays and holidays. By the 7 Hen. IV. the heads 

 of arrows were to be well boiled or brazed, and hardened at the points 

 with steel ; all heads otherwise manufactured were to be forfeited, and 

 the makers imprisoned : all arrow-heads, moreover, were to be marked 

 with the maker's name. Henry V. ordered the sheriffs of several 

 counties to procure feathers from the wings of geese, picking six from 

 each goose. Two feathers in an arrow were to be white, and one 

 brown or grey ; and this difference in colour informed the archer in an 

 instant how to place the arrow. In the time of Edward IV. an Act 

 passed ordaining that every Englishman should have a bow of his own 

 height ; and butts were ordered to be constructed in every township 

 for the inhabitants to shoot at on feast days ; and if any neglected to 

 use his bow, the penalty of a halfpenny was incurred. An Act, 

 1 Richard III., complains, that by tho seditious confederacy of Lom- 

 bards using divers ports of this realm, bow-staves were raised to an 

 outrageous price ; that is to say, to 8/. a hundred, whereas they were 

 wont to be sold at 40s. This Act provided that ten bow-staves should 

 be imported with every butt of malmsey or Tyre wines, brought by 

 the merchants trading from Venice to England, under a penalty of 

 13. 4rf. for every butt of the said wines in case of neglect. By 

 6 Hen. VIII. c. 2, all male servanto were to provide themselves with 

 one bow and four arrows, which their master was to pay for, stopping 

 the purchase-money oxit of their wages. Another statute, enjoining 

 the use of archery more extensively, was passed in 33 Hemy VIII. 

 It ordained that every man under sixty, except spiritual men, justices, 

 &c., should use shooting with the long-bow, and have a bow and arrows 

 continually in his house : that he should provide bows and arrows for 

 his servants and children ; that every servant, above seventeen and 

 under sixty years of age. should pay Gs. Sd. if he was without a bow 

 and arrows for one month. The inhabitants of every city, town, and 

 place were to erect butts, and practice shooting on holidays, and at 

 every other convenient time. Latimer, in one of his sermons before 

 King Edward VI., published in 1549, enforced the practice of archery 



j: K 



