Alii HKKV. 



AIICIU.VTEK. 



600 



from UM pulpit. Men of England in times past," he says, " when 

 they would exercise themselves (for we miint needi have tome recrea- 

 tion, our bodies cannot endure without some exercise), they were wont 

 to go abroad in the field* of shooting, but now it U turned into gluiing. 

 gulling, and whoring within the house. The art of shooting hath been 

 in time* past much esteemed in this realm ; it is a gift of God that ho 

 hath given us to excel all other nations withal ; it hath been God's 

 instrument whereby be hath given us many victories against our 

 imamx* But now we have taken up whoring in towns instead of 

 shooting in the fields. A wondrous tiling, that so excellent a gift of 

 Ood should be so little esteemed ! I desire you, my lords, even as ye 

 lore the honour and glory of Ood, and intend to remove his indigna- 

 tion, let there be sent forth some proclamation, some sharp proclamation 

 to the justices of peace ; for they do not their duty. Justices now be 

 ao justices ; there be many good Acts made for this matter already. 

 Charge them upon their allegiance that this singular benefit of Ood 

 may be' practised .... for they be negligent in executing these 

 laws of snooting. In my time, my poor father was as diligent to teach 

 me to shoot, as to learn me any other thing, and so I think other men 

 did their children. He taught me how to draw, how to lay my body 

 in my bow, and not to draw with strength of arms as other nations do, 

 but with strength of the body. I had my bows bought me according 

 to my age and strength ; as I increased in them, so my bows were 

 made bigger and bigger ; for men shall never shoot well except they 

 be brought up in it It is a godly art, a wholesome kind of exercise, 

 and much commended in physic." Uolinshed reports that Henry VIII. 

 shot as well as any of his guards. 



The encouragement thus given to shooting with the long-bow caused 

 archery to become a fashionable amusement after the bow hod ceased 

 to be used as an instrument of war. Edward VI. was fond of this 

 exercise ; and there seems every reason to believe that it was practised 

 bv King Charles I. This monarch issued a proclamation in the eighth 

 year of his reign, to prevent the fields near London from being BO 

 inclosed as " to interrupt the necessary and profitable exercise of shoot- 

 ing." He is also represented in the frontispiece of Morkham's ' Art of 

 Archery,' 1634, in the dress and attitude of a bowman. Public exhi- 

 bitions of shooting with the bow were continued in the reigns of 

 King Charles II. and King James II. ; and an archers' division, at least 

 till within the present century, formed a branch of the Artillery 

 Company. 



The most important society of this kind now existing is " The Royal 

 Company of Archers, the King's body-guard of Scotland." The exact 

 time of its institution is unknown, but it is referred by the Scottish 

 antiquaries to the reign of their James I., when a commission being ap- 

 pointed to oversee and enforce the exercise of archery in different 

 counties of that kingdom, the most expert bowmen were selected from 

 the maw of those raised, to form a body-guard for the king on perilous 

 occasions, and are stated to have conducted themselves with skill, 

 loyalty, and courage. The rank of the King's body-guard for Scotland 

 was understood from tradition to be vested in the Royal Company, and 

 they accordingly claimed the honour of acting in this capacity to his 

 majesty King Oeorge IV. on the occasion of his visit to Scotland in 

 They attended his majesty at court and on all state ceremonies 

 during his residence in Scotland, and accompanied him on his visit to 

 Hopetoun House, from whence he embarked for London. The Royal 

 Company of Archers now forms part of the royal household in Scot- 

 land ; it has a captain-general, four lieutenants-general, four majors- 

 general, four ensigns-general, and fifteen brigadiers-general, offices held 

 by persons of distinguished rank. 



.1 their own minutes, still extant, it appears that an Act of the 

 privy council of Scotland was poised in li>77. conferring " this body 

 the name and title of " His Majesty's Company of Archem," and grant- 

 ing a sum of money for a piece of plate to be shot for as a prize. No 

 permanent king's prize, however, was established till 1788, when a sum 

 of money was granted by King Oeorge HI. to be shot for annually, 

 with which a piece of plate was to be purchased. 



During the Revolution of 1688 the Royal Company were ..[.posed to 

 t!.. prin.-ipla* then espoused, and were all but suppressed. "> 

 Anne's succession they were revived, and in 1703 received a royal 

 charter confirming all their former rights and privileges, and conferring 

 others upon them. The aflairs of the Royal Company, which now c..n 

 istD of about 600 members, are managed by a council of seven, who 

 -n annually by the members at Urge, and in wh..in is vested 

 the power of receiving or rejecting candidates for admi i <n. .M.I ..i 

 n|>|Miinting the officer* of the company civil and military. The field 

 uniform of the Royal Company is of dark green cloth, faced with black 

 (raiding, with a narrow stripe of crimson velvet in the centre. The 

 hat in of the same colour, with a handsome medallion in front, and a 

 plurnu of black feathers. They have two standards. New colours, as 

 well as a confirmation of the Royal Company to be the king's body- 

 guard for Scotland, were given to th. in by Kmg William IV. 



Towards the end of the lost century, tb. i.-Mv.d of archery as a 

 general amusement was attempted, under the patronage of the then 

 Prince of Wales; and at that time, and subsequently. imm.i..u- 

 socitties of archers were formed, many of which printed their rule* 

 and orders. Archery-meetings are still held in various parts of the 

 country, and ladies are frequently competitors for the honorary prize* 

 jfiven. 



to which an arrow could be shot from the long-bow 

 depended much upon the strength and art of the bowman ; but, in 

 general, the distance was reckoned from eleven to twelve score yards. 

 In 1794, the Turkish ambassador's secretary, in a field behind Bedford 

 Square, near the Toxophilite ground, with a Turkish bow and arrow, 

 shot 415 yards partly against the wind, and 482 yards with the wind. 

 He said that the then Grand Sultan shot '500 yards, which was the 

 greatest performance of the modern Turks ; but that pillars stood on a 

 plain near Constantinople, commemorating ancient distances about 800 

 yards. The Baron de Tott says, in his ' Memoirs,' Paris, 1785, torn. ii. 

 p. 107, " Nearly all the Turkish emperors have had the vanity of 

 pretending to this kind of celebrity." 



Ascham has enumerated fifteen sorts of wood, of which arrows were 

 nKi.li- in England in his time, namely, brarell, turkiewood. fi 

 sugercheste, nardbeame, byrche, ashe, oak, service-tree, alder, black- 

 thorn, beach, elder, aspe, and solow. Of these, asp and ash wen- (in- 

 ferred to the rest, the one for target-shooting, the other for war. 

 Whistling arrows have been once or twice found on fields of Ki- 

 th.- time of Edward VI. They were chiefly used, it is believed, f..r 

 giving signals in the night. The Chinese have used whistling arrows 

 from tune immemorial. The arrows shot from cross-bows were called 

 quarrels, or bolts. They were usually headed with a huge square 

 pyramid of iron ; but had sometimes other forms given to them. 



(Ascham's ToJtophilut, 1515; Markham's Art of Archeric, 1634; Har- 

 rington's Obftmaiioiu on the Practice of Archery in England, punted in 

 the ' Arclueologia ;' and the late Mrs. Banks's Manutcript Collection* on 

 Archery, preserved in the British Museum.) 



ARCHES, COURT OF, is the supreme court of appeal in the arch- 

 bishopric of Canterbury. It derives its name from having formerly 

 been held in the church of St. Mary le Bow (de Arcu/iui), from which 

 place it was removed about 1567 to the Common Hall of Doctors' 

 Commons, where it has since been held. The judge of the court in 

 termed Official Principal of the Court of Arches, or more commonly 

 Dean of the Arches. This court has ordinary jurisdiction in all 

 spiritual causes, other than those prosecuted under the Church Dis- 

 cipline Act, 8 & 4 Viet. c. 86, and the statute 1 & 2 Viet. c. 106, s. 98, 

 arising within the parish of St. Mary le Bow and twelve other parishes, 

 which ore called a deanery, and are exempt from the authority of the 

 Bishop of London. It has also a general appellate jurisdiction in 

 ecclesiastical causes, other than those above referred to, arising within 

 the province of Canterbury. Extensive as this jurisdiction appears to 

 i>.-. the court lias now practically little or nothing to do, as the eccle- 

 siastical offenders whose correction formerly constituted the business 

 of the court, can now be prosecuted only under tin- pi..-, i-i.'ii- . .r tin- 

 statutes above mentioned. (Blackst. ' Comm.' Mr. Kerr's ed., vol. i. 

 p. 384.) 



The Dean of the Arches for the time being is president of the 

 College of Doctors of Law, who had, until recently, the exclusive 



of practising in the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty < 

 who received their admission in the Arches Court. The statute trans- 

 ferring the testamentary jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Courts to the 

 Crown (20 & 21 Viet. c. 77) has provided for the dissolution of tin- 

 College of Doctors of Law ; and that, and the statute 20 A 21 Viet. 

 c. 85, have thrown open the practice in the Probate and Divorce 

 Court* to the bar an.l t.> the attorneys. The Dean of the Arehea, who is 

 the deputy of the archbishop, has always been selected 1 1. .in the College 

 of Doctors of Law. There is no salary attached to the office of judge ; 

 in. I hi- income arising from fees, as also that of the registrar, i 

 small, j 



The court of the province of York, which corresponds to the Court 

 of Arches, is called the Chancery Court of York. The mim 

 advocates practising in this court has never exceeded four. Th. 

 admitted by fiat of the archbishop, directed to his chancellor, and hove 

 power to practise in all the courts of the archbishop; but it 

 necessary that they should bo Doctors of Civil Law. [EccL8i.\ 

 COOBTS.] 



ARCHIATKH (in Creek dpxlarpos}, an honorary di-tim-ii, -. 

 fern-d on physieians in the tim. - oi tin- (Ionian emperors, and still 

 employed in Home of the Continental countries. Physicians generally 

 ...eiipii-d a very subordinate station in II. .me- during the republican 

 jN-riod : in fact, no well-educated medical men existed among the 

 Rinnans at that time; and the Greek physicians who went t. 

 were not at tirst favourably received. Julius Caesar at length be-' 

 the right" of (toman citizenship ..n the foreign physicians practising at 

 Rome; and the Kmperor Augustus, after his recovery from a dangerous 

 illness, not only conferred on his own phyHt-ian, Ant-mius Musa, the 

 honours of knighthood, but i- -aid (.. have i-\empt<-d all physicians 

 from the payment of taxes and other public burden.-. The ICmperoi- 

 i.-t K-' 1 '- the title An-hi.-iter lehief of the physicians) to his 

 medical attendant, Andromaohui the elder, well known as the inventor 

 of a celebrated comi>onnd preparation called Theriaco, It is probable 

 that the emjn-ror only intended to express, by this title, the . ..u -i.l. 1.1 

 tion in which he held Ins . .\\n physician; but it appears thai 

 afterwards, the An-hiatri HIT.- eharn'-.I with s"ine kind of superintend- 

 ence over the medical profession. Thus Galen says of Andi.nn 

 " It appears to me that he won appointed by the emperor at that time 

 to reign over us ; " and we also find that the word Archiaier was trans- 

 lated into Latin by the words lupcrporitiu mediconim, ' superintendent 



