Ul 



\KMA1.. U 



ANMILLA. 



Kin* Jokn," act Ui sc. 4, Sandys* ' Travel*.' p. 61, Ac. U a corrupted 

 term; so Fairfax, in U> translation of Tasso, r i. 79. 



Sanaa wuthskac* 



wMs and broad." 



Bin Jonsou, however, write* it correctly, Aruiada. 

 Nirw, in hi ' Glossary,' thinks that thin word wu not known in 

 England before the Spanish projected invasion in 1588 ; and it is now 

 rarely u*ed but in speaking of that particular fleet An account of it 

 will be found under ELIZABETH, in the BIOGRAPHICAL DIVISION. 



ARMATOLI, were originally the mountaineer* of Thessaly or 

 northern Greece. On the subjugation of the country by the Turks, 

 they preserved their independence by retreating to the mountains, 

 where they lived practicing robbery in the plains, ami were known as 

 KlephU. They inhabited the fastnesses of the ranges of Olympus, 

 Penan, and Pindu*. Ai their marauding wai so far from being con- 

 sidered a diagrace that they formed favourite subjects for the, national 

 pocu (tee the ' Chants popukire de la Grece modeme,' collected by 

 C. Fauriel), it will not sound strange that they were mostly Christiana. 

 The sultans, finding great difficulty in reducing them to submission, 

 were constrained to come to terms of pacification with them, and, on 

 the payment of a trifling tribute, they were allowed to retain their 

 arms, and to form themselves into a military community, occupying 

 their native districts, and governed by their own laws. They were 

 charged with the suppression of brigandage in the mountain passes, 

 for which they received a species of tribute. The chiefs were styled 

 Capitaui, Polemarchs, or Protatoa; the jurisdiction of a chief wa< 

 called an armatolic, and he resided generally in the principal village of 

 his canton. The office was hereditary, descending to the eldest son, 

 who obtained a diploma from the pacha of his district, to whose 

 authority he submitted. The band was composed of and commanded 

 by Greeks exclusively ; and, according to Fauriel, the number of can- 

 tons, immediately prior to the revolution, amounted to seventeen. 

 The members who, in point of number, were unrestricted, were called 

 palikari : their costume was that generally known as the Albanian ; 

 their arms consisted of a yatagan, sabre, musket, and pistols; they 

 were brave and temperate, and inured to hardship and fatigue. 



About the middle of the last century, however, the Porte appointed 

 a Dervenji Baahi, in whose hands the care of all the passes was placed : 

 this was a measure designed for the subversion of the annatoli. Ali, 

 pasha of Joannina, having been also appointed Dervenji Bashi, made 

 strenuous efforts to destroy their independence ; but bin cruelties drove 

 the greater part to rebellion, and they fled to their native fastnesses, 

 and re incorporated themselves with the Klephts, being recognised 

 indifferently by either name. Here, and also in the Horea, they main- 

 tained a sort of turbulent independence, and, at the first cry of the 

 revolution, which commencing at Patras in 1821 was only ended in 

 1829 by the establishment of Greece as an independent kingdom, they 

 issued forth to assist in the liberation of their country. After Greece 

 became a kingdom, the Annatoli were chiefly incorporated into the 

 regular army, and though no longer recognised as a class, the old 

 Klepbtic spirit is not yet extinct in the Thesaalian hills. 



AKM1LLA, a bracelet, or large ring, for the wrist or arm. The 

 wearing of the Armilla, or bracelet, as an ornament, is of very high 

 antiquity. It occurs in Genesis, chap. xxiv. 22, 23, where Abraham 

 sends his servant to seek a wife for Isaac. The Amalekite who slew 

 Haul (2 Sam. i. 10) " took the crown that was upon his head, and the 

 bracelet that was on his arm," and brought them to David. 



The Armilla, or bracelet, as a decoration for both sexes, was perhaps 

 the most universal of all ornaments common to almost every nation, 

 and far more general than the lorijiu*, or collar for the neck. It was 

 nmstimoi worn upon the wrist, sometimes near the shoulder, and 

 occasionally upon the ancles. Bartholinus, in his treatise ' de Aruiillis 

 VeUrum,' asserts, that it was of such general use as to be worn even 

 by slaves, when they could obtain permission from their masters. This 

 accounts for the great number of armilUe which have been found, of a 

 slander shape and mean form, in bronxe, in different countries once 

 possessed by the Roman*, liy the Greeks the use of the bracelet seems 

 to have been confined to the female sex ; and even in Home it was 

 looked upon as an effeminacy for men to wear bracelets in ordinary 

 life. 



As an ornament of dress, the Armilla is frequently spoken of as 

 massive. Livy (L L c. 11) says the golden bracelets of the Siibimai 

 were of great weight. I'etronius Arbiter (c. 67) speaks of the Roman 

 women as wearing bracelets of six pounds and a half, and even of ton 

 pounds' weight, though the fact seems incredible. 



It u not, however, as a mere ornament of dress that we are to con 

 aids* the armilU; its most important use was as a gift of reward. 

 -*lin ( Hist.' lib. i. c, S3) says the Persian kings rewarded all ambas- 

 sadors, whether from Greece or other nations, with presents of armilla) 

 Plutarch, Xsdophon (' Anabasis,' L S, 87), and Uerodian, all allude to 

 them as military or royal gifts. 



Livy, in his account of the Samnite war (L x. c. 44), says that a 

 Aquiluua, Papiriu., who had been engaged in various service, in the field 

 Ik* camp, and the city, gave armilla and coronets of gold to Si.uriu 

 Nauthu, to Hpurius Papirius his own nephew, to four centurions, and 

 to a whoU band of the bastati. To the horsemen also, as a reward o 

 valour, be gave annilla and little boras of silver. 



The gift of the fiMcH arnulla, however, was reserved |cuUarly fo 



Roman citizen. Pliny says, to auxiliaries and strangers they give 

 gold torques; to their own citizens only silver. But, excluxt 



lese, the Roman citizens have armillio x hich foreigners 



have not (' Hist Nat. 1. xxxiii. c. la) 



Aulus Gellius, in the eleventh chapter of his second book, describing 

 io exploits of Deutatus, says he was called the Roman Achilles ; that 

 v had been in more than a hundred and twenty actions ; that he had 

 ever received a wound in the back, but that he had five ami 

 wounds in front ; and that among his rewards he had achieved eight 

 olden crowns, one obsidional, and three mural crowns ; that he had 

 received eighty-three torques, and more than a hundred and sixty 

 nnilUe. (' Noct. Alt' 1. ii. c. 11.) 



Gruter (Inncript. MXCVI. 4) has preserved a monumental inscription 



memory of Lucius Lepidius, who had served in different legions, 

 and received various armillae, torques, and other ornaments, as rewards, 

 rom the Emperor Vespasian. Smetius (fol. Ixxiii. b.) gives another, 

 or a soldier upon whom both torques and armillte had been bestowed 

 y Trajan. Numerous other such inscriptions will be found in the 

 ifferent collections. Brissonius has given the formula of one of these 

 lonations : ' Imixratw te Argenlei AnniUu do*at.' 



The draconarii, or standard-bearers, wore aruiillo!. See Ammianus 

 ilarcelliuus (L xx. c. 4), where the soldiers crown Julian with one of 

 hem. 



There was another use to which the armilla or bracelet was applied 

 rom the very remotest ages of the world. It was used as an offering, 

 n the Book of Exodus bracelets are included among the free gifts for 

 he tabernacle. 



Offerings of serpentine armilla}, or torques, were also made to 

 .JSaoulapius. 



Gifts of armillic, however, were not confined to the warriors of 

 Jreoce and Rome. The practice was as prevalent in the r< i 

 regions of the north. The fragments which remain of the composition* 

 f the Scaldic bards are full of allusions to the gift of bracelets. Si 

 iturlesou'a History affords ample proof of this. Hrolf Krake, King of 

 Norway, whose reign is ascribed to the 6th century, is mentioned as 

 >estowing them by Saxo Grammatical (' Hist. Dan.' ii p. 29.) In 

 he ' Saxon Chronicle, 1 under the year 975, the English Edgar is ex- 

 >resaly called be onnabeah-xyj:a the beitotcer of bracclrtt. the rewarder 

 of heroes ; a term, indeed, usual as an epithet for a great chieftain in 

 most of the Saxon poems. It occurs no whore more frequently than 

 u the wing of the Traveller, and in the well-known poem of !!e"\vulf. 



Nor were armillte gifts of reward made in person only ; we tind 

 them frequently mentioned as legacies in the Saxon will*. In the will 

 of Brihtric and his wife -Klfswytha (he wag one of the Thanes of 

 Archbishop /Elfric), preserved in the Textus Roffensis, among the 

 irticlcH which formed a legacy to the king, we have a bracelet of gold 

 of the weight of eight mancuses ; and to the quoen a bracelet of thirty. 

 In the will of Wulfer, which follows the will of lirihtric in Dr. Hickes a 



Thesaurus,' we find a legacy of a bracelet of sixty uuncuses. (' Dissert, 

 Epist.' p. 51.) William of Malmesbury informs us, that wlun 

 jodwiu made his peace with Hardiknut, ill the year 1040, he sealed it 

 jy a magnificent present a ship, whose stern was richly ornan 

 with gold ; and within it, eighty soldiers, each clothcti in the most 

 sumptuous habiliments of war, with armilhc of pure gold on 

 inns, each weighing sixteen ounces. (VV. Malmsb. edit I :: : 160], 

 ,. ii. p. 77.) The same writer (p. 102), describing the inumn T.I ami 

 customs of the English in 1060, upon the conqueror's arrival, says 

 their arms were laden with golden luao -let.- ; " Armillit aurcu brachiis 

 ouerati." 



Arngrim lonaa, in his work on Iceland, speaking of the pagan rites 

 which were used in the chief temple of southern Iceland, in the isle of 

 Kialarnes, describes on armilla of twenty ounces weight, whi< I 

 kept upon the altar, and which, being sprinkled with the Mood of 

 victims, was touched by those who took any solemn oath. He ;- 

 was either of silver, or silver and brass mixed. (' ( 'ivniog. Her. I -l:md.' 

 L i. p. 63.) He adds, that for this purpose it was worn upon the 

 judge's arm during trial*. (/l,i</. p. 76.) 



There is a passage in the Saxon Unoni.-le, under the year 876, 

 which refers to a ceremony not altogether unlike the pi.,. 

 hind. It says, that when the Danes made their pc.ue with the Kiuilixh 

 Alfred, at Warehain in Wessex, they gave him the noblest among them 

 as hostages, and swore oaths to him upon the holy bracelet. 



Armilltc, as we learn from Bartholiuus, were sometimes marriage 

 presents. Virgins, it appears, did not usually wear them. (' De Ai mill. 

 Vet.' p. 79.) From different passages in the Roman classics, we learn 

 that they were sometimes given as birth -day presents. Placed an ion;; 

 treasures, there was a superstition that an armilla would augment 

 them. Lovers thought them efficaciou* ; nud ivory armilltc were used 

 in the cure of epilqwy. See other *u|>ertitioiu in I'liny. (' Hist. Nat.' 

 ed. Hurduini, ton,, ii. 451, 11 : I/.'. 1"; Ml, 'JlM 



Among the articles which from time to time have been turned up in 

 the bogs of Ireland, armillx of gold have not been the least numerous. 

 Some years ago a very large bracelet of gold was found in Cheshire ; 

 and several in the same metal, of different sizes, have been found under 



Beachy Head in Sussex, amongst the chalk which the tide had under- 



mined. Two or three of these are still preserved in Mr. Payne Kuight'.-i 



collection of bronzes. 

 The Hamilton, Towuley, and Knight collection* of antiquities in the 



