ARMY. THE ENGLISH. 



ARNOTTO. 



ifaptember. When Henry T. had determined to lew! aii army into 

 France, Juhn Holland was retained to *enre the king in hia voyage 

 royml ' into Prance for une whole year, with 40 men at arm* and 100 

 archer., whereof the third part were to be footmen, and to take- chip- 

 |*ng at Southampton on the 10th of May next following. At the 

 commencement of the 15th century, we find mentioned in Rynu-r a 

 contract t' the Karl of Salisbury, to supply a body of troops for tin- 

 war in Prance, consisting of 600 men at arum, including 6 bannerets, 34 

 bachelor*, and 1700 archers. The pay was, for the earl, 6*. 8rf. onlay ; 

 banneret, 4*. ; bachelor, 2*.; every man at arms, \*. ; and every archer, 

 W. Artillerymen were paid* higher than men at arms. This is equal 

 to about fifteen time* the sum at our present value of money. They 

 were however bound to furnish their own equipment and horses. In 

 the 12th <>f Henry VII., John Grey was retained to nerve the king in 

 his wars in Scotland, under the command of Giles, Lord Daubeney, 

 captain-general of the king's army for that expedition, with 1 lance, 

 4 demi-lances, and 60 bows and bills, for 290 miles; with 1 lance, 

 4 demi-lances, and bows and bills, for 266 miles ; and with 2 lances, 

 ! -I. mi-lances, and 200 bows and bills, for 200 miles. These were 

 nearly half what is now the usual complement of a regiment. 



Troops thus levied, together with foreign mercenaries, are a near 

 approach to, though they can hardly lie considered as, a regular or 

 rtfinHing army in the modern acceptation of the word. The king 

 might, to the extent of his revenue, form an army of this description ; 

 but as to the other mean* of military defence or offence put into his 

 hand*, the persona engaged were only called into military service on 

 temporary occasions, and soon fell back again into the condition of the 

 citizen or agriculturist. But the king's power was necessarily limited 

 by his revenue, and the maintenance of a permanent force appears to 

 have been little regarded by our early sovereigns, since, before the 

 reign of King Henry VII. it does not appear that the kings had even a 

 body-guard, much leas any considerable number of troops always pre- 

 pared for service. About the year 1450, Charles VII. of France 

 established his coiqpanies of ordonuance ; they consisted of about 9000 

 soldiers, all cavalry, of whom 1500 were heavy armed : a force not very 

 considerable, but yet stated by Hallam to be the first, except mere 

 body-guards, which hod been raised in any part of Europe as a national 

 standing army. From this we may date the fourth period iii the 

 military history of Europe, and of England also. Chivalry began to 

 decline ; and in the 16th century the importance of infantry was fully 

 established by the Milanese wars of Louis XII. and Francis I., and 

 caused the general employment of pikemen and musketeers. 



The policy of standing armies was gradually imitated by the other 

 European states, and has now become a matter of necessity and of self- 

 defence. In England, probably in a great degree owing to her insular 

 situation, this took place later than in most Continental countries. 

 Still, the example of the Continental states, a sense of the great con- 

 venience of having always a body of troops at command, and the 

 change in the mode of warfare effected by the introduction of artillery, 

 which brought military oi>erations within the range of science, and 

 made them more than before matters which required much time and 

 study in those who had to undertake the direction of any large body of 

 men, disposed the king and the nation generally to adopt the practice 

 of having a permanent army, varying in numbers with the dangers and 

 necessities of the tune. 



The few troops who formed the royal guard were the only permanent 

 soldier* in England before the civil wars. The dispute between Charles I. 

 and bin parliament was about the command of the militia. Charles II. 

 kept up about 6000 regular troops as guards, and to serve in the garri- 

 sons which then were established in England. These were paid out of 

 the king's own revenue. James II. increased them to 30,000 ; btit the 

 measure was looked on with great jealousy, and the object was sup- 

 Dosed to be the destruction of the public liberties of Englishmen. In 

 the Bill of Right* (1689) it was declare.) that the raising or keeping a 

 standing army within the kingdom, in time of peace, unless it be with 

 consent of Parliament, is against law ; and this continues to be the 

 preamble of the Mutiny Act* to the present day. An army varying in 

 iu numbers has ever since been maintained, and is now looked on 

 without apprehension. It is raised by the authority of the queen, and 

 paid by her ; but there is an important constitutional check on tins 

 part of the royal prerogative in the necessity for Acts of Parliament to 

 be tiMsed yearly, in order to provide the pay and to maintain the 

 discipline. 



The present regular army of England is maintained by voluntary 

 enlistment, and is composed of cavalry, infantry, artillery and engineers, 

 and a military train. Attached to the army are the following depart- 

 ment* : the Commissariat and Medical (including Purveyors and 

 Veterinary departments), Field Train, Military Store, and Barrack 

 departments. 



By the English constitution, the sovereign is the supreme head of 

 the anny, from whom alone it receive* all orders, and by whom all 

 ions are made and all honours and rewards conferred, all com- 

 miin* being under her sign manual. This authority in in part dele- 

 gated to the commander-iii-chief, who has the general supcrintcnoVm 

 of the organisation and discipline of the army, whilst the general 

 superintendence of the War department is under the secretary of 

 state for war, who i* answerable to Parliament, and is responsible for 

 tn finances, Ac. 



Of the English army, besides that which is distributed in the \ 



-. a large portion is employed in liuli i. ami wliil-r 

 out i if the finance* of that country ; in aililition t<> wlik-li. tlir 

 army, consisting of cavalry, infantry, artillery, engincerx, A 

 raised and paid by the East India Canxptay, i" now tun-:- n<-<l t.. tlic 

 queen, and is called ' The Queen's Army in India.' 



The following tabular view of the military force of the various 

 civilised nations is from the ' Almonacb <U- (;tli ;i ' for 1S.VJ, witi 

 few corrections : 



Ml I. IT A IT KsTABLMUXEXn ON FOOT AXIi IX RESERVE. 1857, 1MB. 



The following table is added to show the numbers of the standing 

 armies of the principal European States relatively to their respective 

 populations : 



Bavaria in every 54 inhabitant*. 



Denmark ,,88 



Netherlands .... ,,60 



Belgium ,,61 



Switzerland .... Cl 



Prunla G6 



IlanoTer ,,68 



Saxony ,,80 



Spain ,,81 



Austria ,,98 



Sicilies ,,98 



Tuscany 104 



Crews* ,,107 



Sardinia ,,109 



France ,,112 



Buiala ,,1U 



Great Britain .... ,,127 



Eypt iss 



Portugal ,,139 



Baden ,,176 



WUrtomberg .... ,,181 



Papal States ,,205 



Turkey ,, 106 ,, 



Sweden and Norway ... 335 



Brazil 340 



United Statea of America . . . 1761 ,, 



ARNICIN. The non-azotised, bitter principle of arnica flowers, 

 Arnica monlana. It lias not been investigated. 



ARNOTTO {Anmtttv). A pasty colouring matter obtained from the 

 seed-pulp of the lli.ru Urdlana, a plant found in the West Indies. 

 The colouring matter is prepared by kneading the pulpy seeds in 

 water; the liquid is then passed through fine sieves, evaporated to thu 

 consistence of a stiff paste, and lastly dried in the shade. It i.- 

 wards made into small cheese-shaped cakes, which soon Ix-come yellow 

 outaide, but retain a red-brown colon,- within. According to John, it 

 contains 28 per cent, of coloured resin, 20 of coloured extractive 



