71 



UtTKUB 



AIMT.KII-S. nisi-:.vsi-:s 



bare generally represented her M a huntress. They endeavoured to 

 fairest Mr with 11 the freshness ud rigour of youth : in the old style 

 where At it generally cUd in the stola, the arti.t .till contrived to 

 imitate her full end well-formed figure. In the work* of Scopos, 

 Praxiteles, nd Timotheus, Artemis was, like Apollo, represented of a 

 lender form ; her hip* and breasts without the fullness of woman- 

 hood. The countenance it that of Apollo, only with a softer expression 

 and more full ; the hair in sometimes bound over the fun-bend, hut 

 more frequently in a bunch behind or on the top of the head in the 



(Head* of ArtcmU In the British JIuMum. Pint Greco-Roman Saloon.) 



manner peculiar to the Dorians. The dress is a Doric vest (*i 

 either tucked up high, or reaching to the feet; and the shoes are 

 Cretan. Sometimes a dead or dying stag lies at her feet. As a 

 huntress she is represented in rapid motion. In temples she bears a 

 torch M well as a bow. (See Filhol, ' Galcrie Napoleon,' v. 366 ; Vis- 

 conti, ' loonographie,' xlii. 1 ; ' Diana Lochaca ' in Millin, ' Monuments 

 inodits,' ii. 34. (This subject is treated fully in Muller, ' Archiiologie 

 der Kunst,' $ 863 866.) There are several representations of Artemis 

 in the British Museum, besides the heads given above. One, a statue 

 clothed in a long vestment, is a very fine figure, but has been incor- 

 rectly restored. In one of the slabs of the Phigalean frieze she is 

 figured with Apollo in a car drawn by stags. We have not entered 

 into the question whether there were several goddesses of this name, 

 distinct from each other in their character and attributes ; but we 

 think that this opinion is by no means improbable. She is considered 

 the same as the Bubastis (Pasht) (Herod, ii. 69) of the Egyptians, and 

 is represented as a female with a lion's head. (Seyffarth, ' Geschichte 

 iles alien ^-Egypten,' Leipzig, 1833; Muller, ' Die Dorier' (translation) 

 vol. i. ; Voes, ' MythoL 1 Br. iii. 1. 



In the Roman mythology, the goddess Diana was considered as cor- 

 responding with the Artemis of the Greeks. But much confusion has 

 arisen in the study of ancient mythology from the habit of looking 

 upon the names of the Greek and Roman deities as convertible with 

 one another. Where there are some points of resemblance, there are 

 often still more of dissimilarity, especially as regards those deities 

 which were the objects of religious honour among the Romans before 

 the introduction of Greek and Asiatic forms of worship. The Saturn 

 of the Romans, for example, is far from identical with the Kronos of 

 the Greeks ; Minerva, again, differs much from Pallas, and Diana from 

 Artemis. The greater part of the deities strictly belonging to the 

 Romans hare names which have grown out of the language itself. 

 This cannot be Mid of the Greek deities. Thus Dinnus and I ' . 

 are property two adjectives, derived from diet, 'day,' or, perhaps, 

 originally ' light,' precisely as ijotidian<u from quofidie, and in this 

 way they were the appropriate names of the god and goddess of light, 

 the former representing the aon or greater light, the latter the moon. 

 Dianas, by an easy change, would become Janus, as Diana, we know, 

 was corrupted by the rustic population into Jana in their hymns to 

 the new moon, beginning Jama nottila. Thus again, BeUona is 

 properly a feminine adjective, which with the noun rfm signifies the 

 goddess of war (from Mto, war) ; so Pomona, the goddess of fruit 

 (porno) ; Port-ami*, or Portumnus, the god of harbours (portu) ; Ver- 

 ttimnus, of change (rcrm, anciently varht) ; Silvanus, of woods (tilra) ; 

 Luna, or Ludna, the goddess of light (//*, and perhaps fat') : Fortuna, 

 the goddeM of chance (fort, or more probably from an obsolete nim 

 On the same principle, no doubt, are formed the names of 



Vulcanua (compare fJyto, flty*. shine, blaie), Heptunus (compare 

 rtrm, wash, and vympka, a goddess of water), Batumus (compare 

 mtur, full), I'icumnns, l'ilumnu, Faunus ; and we might perhaps look 

 npon Anctumnun (from <(, increase) as a deity. 



Another principle which pervades the Roman mythology is the 

 division of each object of fear or desire between deities of either sex. 

 (Niebuhr, ' Roman Hist.') We hare already Men IXanns and Diana. 

 Besides these, UMTS occur Saturnns, the god of plenty ; Ops, the 

 goddess of plenty; Volcano* and VesU, the god and goddess of fire; 

 Tallumo and Telhis, of earth ; Neptunus and Nympha (Nimfa would 

 b a more comet Latin form), of water ; Jupiter or rather Jove, and 

 Juno, of air. In the some way they had Mavors (or Gradivus), toge- 

 with BeOona, to -iieskUi over war. 



To return; as the huntwnan of Italy preferred the uiglit 

 sport 



Manet sob Jove frlgido 

 Venator, tencrie conjugis Immrmor 



Diana, or the moon, naturally became the patroness of the chase, and 

 so of the wood. Again, in her character as goddess of light, her aid 

 was invoked in parturition. In this latter office she was also called 

 Lucina, a term of precisely the same import from luf, ' light ; ' and 

 the identity of the two goddesses is established by the contracted 

 form Luna, which, like Diana, is the name of the moon. 



I 'i.-nia had a temple on Mount Aventine, and another near Arioia. 

 Indeed her worship belonged strictly to Latium and the plebeians of 

 Home. 



ARTEMI'SIA ABSINTHIUM (WORMWOOD) tied ical PrapeHia of. 

 This indigenous perennial plant is met with on waste places, but wliat 

 is required for medical use is mostly cultivated. The upper i 

 the stem, with the leaves and unexpanded flowers, should be collected, 

 for these parts possess the peculiar aroma, with a strong bitter taste ; 

 while the lower part of the stem is merely aromatic, and devoid of Lit - 

 terness. (Geiger.) It imparts its properties to water, to alcohol, and to 

 fermented liquids. The medicinal forms of it are the watery infusion 

 (best made with cold water) and the extract : but the domestic prepn- 

 mtii>nn are numerous ; these are made either by digesting it with 

 alcohol, to form a tincture, or by distilling it with spirits ; that obtained 

 in this last way from Switzerland is termed Knu d'absinthe,' nnd is a 

 favourite liqueur, which becomes milky on the addition of water. It is 

 also steeped in wines (Wermuth), or even rendered a constituent of the 

 wine at the time of fermenting it [Wrsits], or drunk in small quantity 

 while using any of the sweet wines, such as Tokay. This practice may 

 have been derived from the ancients, most of whose wines were very 

 rich and luscious, and who used wormwood, both before and after 

 taking wiiie, to counteract the effects. (Paulus Aegineta.) In the west 

 of England it is frequently steeped in cider, to be drunk by persons 

 disposed to calculous complaints : a most judicious proceeding. Else- 

 where it is steeped in ale. In the north of Europe it is used as a sub- 

 stitute for hops in the preparation of beer, and is nearly as good, as a 

 little of it will preserve either beer or weak wines when ready to turn. 

 The analysis by Heyne of 100 parts of the dried plant gave as its com- 

 position volatile oil ? ; bitter extractive, 4*0 ; gummy mucilage, 1 .VI ; 

 resin, soluble in ether, 8'6 ; resin, insoluble in ether, 8' 4. The rest 

 consists of woody fibre, water, and loss. Braconnot analysed the 

 watery extract, and found volatile oil, 0'16 ; green resin, 0*60 ; bitter 

 resin, 0*288 ; albumen, 1*250; starch, 0*183 ; nzotised matter, 1*383; 

 bitter azotisod matter, 8*0 ; woody fibre, 10*883 ; absintbate of potnah, 

 0*833; sulphate of potash nnd chloride of potassium, traces; water . 

 61*2. Recently, n peculiar principle termed fiantrmint, crystal! 

 colourless, and almost tasteless, and stated to possess very valuaLle 

 anthelmintic properties, lias been obtained from several species of 

 artemisia, particularly Art. Contra, (' The Chemist,' vol. v., pp. 86, 91.) 

 The term Abnint hine is applied to the peculiar or bitter prim-., 

 Artemisia absinthium. The so-called salt of wormwood is merely tin- 

 impure carbonate of potash, obtained from the incineration of tliix 

 plant, which is very rich in alkaline salt. 



Wormwood possesses the properties common to aromatic bitters, but 

 it seems to possess also some peculiar ones rendering it worthy of more 

 attention than it receives neglect of indigenous remedies being preva- 

 lent in all ages. The bitter principle is readily absorbed, so that the 

 flesh of animals fed upon it becomes manifestly bitter. Some have 

 alleged that a narcotic power exists in it, and that the milk of cows, or 

 of nurses, to whom wormwood is given, is noxious to infants. This is 

 not clearly, proved, nor is it certain that ale in which wormwood has 

 been steeped (purl) is more heady than other ale. Absinthium greatly 

 Increases the appetite, and promotes digestion, particularly in torpid 

 systems and debilitated constitutions. Those who, by excess, 

 impaired their stomachs, have recourse to wormwood to renovate their 

 [lowers. Hence the demand among gourmands for the spirituou 

 partitions, such as the crime d'absinthe. Where there is much gastric 

 irritation or vascular excitement this is most improper. An infusion 

 'made with cold water) may be given to consumptive patients, if no 

 inflammatory state of stomach exists, with very great advantage, 

 especially if aromatic sulphuric acid be added. 



AKTKRIES, DISEASES OF. Besides aneurism, the arteries are 

 subject to other diseases. [ANEURISM.] The arterial tissues are liable 

 to inflammation, which may be acute or chronic. 



Acutr. Arteritit is cither limited to a particular spot, or it spreads 

 along the course of the artery. When limited, this disease arises from 

 nxtemal injury, and is a common result of wounds and ligatures. In 

 the milder forms, this inflammation is attended with the exudation of 



plastic matter, which fills up the artery and lends to its obliteration, 

 a result which is sought for in the application of a ligature to arteries. 

 The inflammation may, however, proceed to suppuration and ulcern- 

 tion, when the coats of the artery ore opened, and haemorrhage, is the 

 result. In every instance of ligature such a result is carefully to bo 

 avoided. A still more intense form of inflammation may occur, ami 

 .he result will be the death of the part and gangrene a result wlii. h 

 sometimes follows wounds involving the destruction of tin- art 

 .issue. It may also come on from a ligature being applied too tightly. 



