ABTILLEKY. 



ARTIZANS. 



eld artillery; at lea**, what we undentand by that term, namely, 

 artillery that can he moved with eaee and rapidity, and accompany, 

 Meordiat to iu calibre, either cavalry or infantry, in all their move- 

 MkTln 1681, he woo hi. great victory of Loipug. principally by 

 hie artillery ; some of his gun* were of a moat peculiar construction, 

 MI interior meUl cylinder .trenftheoed by rope wound round it, and 

 covered with boiled leather. Frederick the Great Mill further im 

 proved 6eU artillery, aad under him it WM oapable of taking part in 

 the atost rapid movement*. 



Artillery, in the present day, ha* become a most important arm, and 

 ha* a^'JM the mrthffd* of putting the principles of strategy and 

 it can never change the principles them- 



eta*. Thi. wiU 



hough 

 at 



.: 



consider that it is 



. _, being only ued oBsnehrely even in defence. It 

 ha* no power of acting by iUelf, but, confined solely to reaching distant 

 i with ite projectile*, is employed in the preliminary contest so 



to Creak I 



. to, funuliisi of either the attacking or attacked enemy, that 



the main power of the army, the infantry, may be able to resist the 

 iHaoi. or eoocesaful in their charge. And though the aucieuU had 

 DO euch powerful propellent arm, yet their alingen, archers, cro**-bow 

 and javelin men were employed with the same object, the range, if w 

 may ao express it. being much lees and more confined. 



Artillery ha* also given a great advantage to civilised over barbarous 

 DS<tim*. the science required in the construction, and the expense in 

 the armament of troop* with this powerful arm, having placed the 

 kattar wholly at the mercy of the former ; ravening the fact* of former 

 day*, when barbarous nation*, constant! v trained in war, were more 

 h.n a match for their more civilised, and thereby more or lea* 

 efleounate, neighbour*. Such was the case in the Western Empire, 

 which soon fell before the hordes of Germany. 



The long trains of artillery, with their accompanying carriages for 

 ammunition, 4c., cause much greater immobility iu modern armies. 

 They cannot perform those rapid evolutions, in sight of an enemy, 

 by which victories were gained in former times. The armies are 

 extended over a much longer front, both to allow room for the artillery, 

 aad to avoid the ravage* that would be caused by artillery in dense 

 maasea. Action*, which formerly could be clearly seen and described, 

 are now eonfueed and hidden by the smoke. The gaining of victories, 

 therefore, depend* much more on the genius of the general in a judi- 

 ekni* (election and proper disposition of troops on the field of battle. 

 Aad though the power* of destruction have been much increased, both 

 the munben and diaproportion of the slain in both armies ha* been 

 much il.iiia.iiil. for battle* have been often fought and won where 

 the opponent, have hardly come into collision ; and when they have, 

 it has only been partial and of abort duration, and not the sanguinary 

 hand to hand contest of former times. 



Artillery i* now divided into two i-lnnaf*. light, or field, and heavy ; 

 the former eamUting of hone artillery, field batteries, and batteries of 

 neeiin and position, which are of an intermediate description ; the 

 letter of siege and garrison artillery. Hone artillery is organised with 

 light gun., well honed, to accompany cavalry in all its movements ; 

 the field batteries, with heavier guns, but still able to make rapid 

 movement*, on oooaaion, for concentration, *c., to accompany the 

 inturtry; the batteries of position and reserve, with a (till heavier 

 description of gun, though intended to accompany an army in the 

 field, an not intended to make rapid movement*, but, to a certain 

 extent, remain in the ame pneition during an action, or arm any field- 

 work* that may be thrown up. The siege and garrison artillery con- 

 sist of the beaviect guns for which transport can be provided, or the 

 trjg*~*** of the lervice may require. The following table, extracted 

 from General Lewi.', article on Artillery in the ' R. K. Aide-Memoiro,' 

 with .light alteration., ahow* the constituent subject* of artillery 

 most concisely slated : 



fnorw Artillery. 

 Koekrt do. 



J Foo f "" 



( Garrison. 



I Invalid r>neia. 



MtlfrM. 



i- 



CarrUin 



Iroa 



Brass . 



I . 



f Ount. 

 1 Mortar.. 



Field fun.. 



Field boirllarn. 



Mortan. 



i 



Heavy. 



Field. 



Mtf*. 



Wood. 



Iron. 



Wood. 



Ammunition 

 ton* la f*a*n). 



Wood. 

 . Iran. 

 Powdr. 

 ."hot and shells. 

 Can or caabUr, cphtrlcal caat, (rape. 



'TheortUoal 



PrActleal 



Elementary U*. 

 tie* for non 

 com. officer* 



/Th 

 . * 



- J 



* , 



Theoretic*. 



PortlBcation. 

 HUtorjr and geography.' 

 Plan drawing . 

 Landaeap* drawing. 



Drilla both Infantry and 

 artillery. 



Rword eierclse. 



Gun and mortar practice. 



Repository eoun*. 



laboratory ooorw. 



Induction t (_ Foundry, proof, and carriage 



department coum*. 



A COUTM of elementary Instruc- 

 tion In the. acbooli. 



Infantry drill, and other cxer- 

 ele of arms. 



Field battery cxerclae. 



Gun, mortar, howll/er, and 

 rocket practice. 



Kpoitory course. 

 .Partially laboratory course. 



The personnel, in tho English army, Is formed in one corps, called 

 the Regiment of Royal Artillery, which, however, consists of It 

 battalion* of 8 companies each, called the Foot Artillery, and a hone 

 brigade of 10 troops, which furnishes the personnel of the hone 

 artillery ; the men composing these troop* are permanently employed 

 as horse artillery, whilst the companies of foot artillery are sometimes 

 employed in the field batteries, and sometimes in garrison or siege 

 duties ; a certain number of men, however, enlisted as driven, always 

 remain as such. 



As experiment* are, at the present time, being carried on with a gun 

 of novel construction and great power, invented by Sir W. Armstrong, 

 which will most probably be introduced into the service and cause 

 great alterations, field artillery will be further treated under that 

 head. For the present mode of making CANNON, see that article, and 

 for the theory of artillery see GUNXEHV. The size and descript 

 the various guns in the service will be found under OKDNAXCE. 



ARTILLERY PARK. This term is applied both to the camp of 

 one or more field batteries, and to the enclosure, where, during a 

 siege, the general camp of foot artillery and depota of guns, materiel, 

 Ac., are collected. In consequence of the number of carriages, hones, 

 stores, Ac., attached to artillery, and which it is necessary to keep 

 separate, their camp is often enclosed off by picket-posts and ropes, 

 or the carriages are so arranged as to form an enclosure. The position 

 of the parks of the various field batteries attached to an army will of 

 course be fixed by the general rule which holds good for afi arms ; 

 that each should occupy the same relative position that it would in 

 action, and that its length of front should be the same. This will, 

 however, be modified by the nature of the ground, and by the necessity 

 that exists for artillery having its support close to it, which would 

 render its being placed on the extreme flanks very objectionable. 

 Ordinarily the battery or batteries attached to a division of an army 

 should take up their encamping ground immediately in rear of the 

 intervals between the brigades, so as to be able to move up at a 

 moment's notice ; tho battery being encamped in line either at full or 

 half intervals. With a large force, the greater portion of the ammu- 

 nition and stores, with the artillery of reserve, are collected in what 

 is called the grand park, the ]>osition of which should be chosen with 

 a view of its being accessible, by the roads in its vicinity, to the whole 

 army. 



ARTILLERY TRAIN, a number of guns with their carriages, 

 ammunition, waggons, &o., complete, and fit for marching. 



ARTIZANS. In this country it is customary when a young artintn 

 ha* served his apprenticeship, for him to enter at once as a journey- 

 man; to settle down in some town, usually where he has been 

 apprenticed; and there to work for any master who will employ him. 

 Among the less respectable workmen, or when trade in general is dull, 

 the (rtimi) system is acted on ; the artizan goes from town to town, a 

 sort of homeless wanderer, seeking work wherever it may be found, 

 and often forced to associate with disreputable companions. 



But in Germany the custom is different. There a kind of tramp- 

 system is not merely looked forward to, but is compulsory. The wander, 

 trhaft of a German workman is a transition period between the life 

 of an apprentice and that of a master. In many parts, both of Germany 

 and of Switzerland, an apprentice cannot obtain his freedom and become 

 a master until he has spent a certain number of yean in following his 

 calling beyond his native country. II. in furnished on setting out 

 with a book called a mtntlrr-lturti, in which his various employers insert 

 certificate* of his service and conduct. In his wanderings he is 

 generally assisted and succoured, not only by the trade to which he 

 belong*, but by the donations of travellers. Many English travellers 

 in Germany have encountered these young workmen, trudging along 

 the roads, with knapsack on back. Mr. Symonds (' Arts and Artizons, 

 at Home and Abroad '), states that, while certain evils arise from this 

 system, it tends on the other hand to give the young men an amount 

 of general information more varied and extensive than is commonly 

 met with among English workmen. 



