AHUNDEL MARBLES. 



TU* *, Hi* coitemporary Peacham note* in hit 

 Gentleman.' UM Or* collection of Orwk nd Roman sculpture formed 

 in this country. It wee doubtless the exampU and influence of 

 the Earl of Arundel which originally induced Charles I. to study 

 and encourage the fine art, and to f onn hi. magnlftnent collection of 



In 1612. when Lord Arundel left hi* country. Lord Orford layi he 

 transported himeelf and hu eoUeotioo to Antwerp : Dallaway My* 

 (what WM no doubt the truth) that hi* gems, cabinet picture*, and 

 miiinaiUei. only were removed. He add*, " In the general confiscation 

 made by the parliament, the picturei and statues remaining at Aniiulel 

 Hows were in some meature included. Many were obtained by Don 



i de Garden**, the Spanish ambassador to Cromwell, ana sent 

 into Spun, with the wrecks of the royal collection." 



When Lord Arundel died, he divided his personal estate between hi* 

 ililiiet and second surviving sons, Henry Frederick Lord Maltravers, 

 and William, afterward* Viscount Stafford. Henry, second son of the 

 former and sixth Duke of Norfolk, succeeded to the elder son'* *hare, 

 and in 1M7, influenced by the previous recommendations of Selden u 

 well a* Evelyn, gave a part of hi* moiety (the inscribed marble*) to the 

 University of Oxford ; the remainder descended to hi* son Henry, the 

 seventh duke, and were afterwards mostly possessed by his divorced 

 wife. 



Arundel House and garden* were converted into streets about the 

 year 1678, when it wa* determined to dispose of the statue* by sale. 

 It wa* proposed by the agent* to sell the whole collectively, but no 

 purchaser could be found. A division was in consequence made. One 

 portion, consisting principally of bust*, was purchased by Lord Pem- 

 broke; these are now st Wilton. A second was purchased by Sir 

 William Fennor (the father of the first Earl of Pomfret), who removed 

 them to his seat at Easton NesUin in Northamptonshire, where such as 

 were capable of being repaired had their defects amended and supplied 

 by one Guelfi, an artist who misconceived the character and attitude 

 of almost every statue he attempted to make perfect, and mined the 

 greater number of those which he wan permitted to touch. Henrietta 

 Louisa, Countess Dowager of Pomfret, in 1755, transferred these marbles 

 also to the University of Oxford, where they became again united to 

 the inscribed marbles. Mr. Theobald, in a communication to the 

 Society of Antiquaries, made in 1758, says that many of the broken 

 statues, which were thought not worth repairing, were begged by one 

 Boyden Cuper, who had been a servant in the family, and removed by 

 him to decorate a piece of garden -ground which he had taken opposite 

 Somerset Water-gate, in the pariah of Lambeth ; a place of resort for 

 citizens and other* in holiday-time, and long afterwards known by the 

 name of Cuper'* Gardens. Here they continued till about the year 

 1717, when Mr. John Freeman, of Fawley Court, near Henley, in 

 Oxfordshire, and Mr. Edmund Waller, of Beaconsfield, in Buckingham- 

 i-hire, happening to see them, and observing something masterly in the 

 designs and drapery of several, and that they were fragments of very 

 curious pieces of sculpture, agreed for the purchase of them at the 

 price of 751. One moiety of these went to Beaconsfield, and the other 

 to Fawley Court. A few statue* and broken fragments were given to 

 a Mr. Arundel, a relation of the Duke of Norfolk, who rented a waste 

 piece of ground on the opposite shore of the river, which afterwards 

 became a timber-yard ; one or two of these were subsequently given 

 to the Earl of Burlington, and went to Chiswick House. A few elegant 

 remain* were carried to Mr*. Temple's seat at Moor Park, near Fnrn- 

 hani. in Surrey. Various other fragments, which were not thought 

 worth removing, were buried in the rubbish and foundations of the 

 houses in the lower part* of Norfolk Street, and the other buildings on 

 the gardens. Several of these, including a few trunks of statues, dug 

 up at a later time, were sent down to the Duke of Norfolk's seat at 

 Worksop Manor. 



The divorced Duchess of Norfolk, by whom the bust* and statues 

 were sold, also possessed the cameos and intaglios, and bequeathed 

 them, at her death, to her second husband, Sir John Germaiue. His 

 widow, Lady Elizabeth Uermaine, who valued them at 10,000/., offered 

 them, about 1765, for that price to the curators of the newly-founded 

 British Museum, who were not in a situation to bestow so large a sum 

 upon the purchase ; and she finally gave them to her niece, Miss Beau- 

 clerk, upon her marriage with Lord Charles Spencer, from whom they 

 passed to hi* brother the Duke of Marlborough ; and are now known 

 by the name of the Marlborough Gems. 



Sir William Howard, when afterwards Lord Stafford, succeeded to a 

 house built for his mother, the Countess of Arundel, by Nicholas 

 Stone, in 1J8. It stood near Buckingham Gate, and waa calkil T.irt 

 Halt The second share of Lord Anindel'a rniim-iti.-* wnx deposited 

 there, and, at a sale in 1720, produced 8851/. 19. lljd., and the house 

 was soon after levelled to the ground. ThU information appear* upon 

 the minute* of the Society of Antiquaries. 



.Dr- H** 1 *""** at this sale Lord Arundel's favourite bronze head 

 of Homer, which i* introduced into his portrait by Vandyke; at Dr. 

 ^"l?t "* P urehMed to ! by Lord Exeter, who gave it to 

 IbeBrWsh Museum, where it is now considered as a head of Pindar. 

 Lord Orford sys, that the coins and medals of the Arundel coll..-ti,,n 

 came mto the possession of Thorn*., Earl ,,f Wiuchclsea, and in 1696 

 were sold by bis executor* t<> Mr. Thomas Hall. 



Thr greater part of UM Greek inscription* in the Arundol Collection 



now at Oxford were obtained, as baa been already noticed, at Smyrna, 

 where Uassendi says the celebrated Peiresc.who was eng.iged in similar 

 pursuits, had first discovered them. According to this account, one 

 ""im", Peiresc's factor, had paid fifty crowns for the curiosities, but 

 the Turks having seized on Samson and his collection, with a \ 

 obtain a higher price, the Earl of Arundel commissioned Mr. 1'. 

 redeem the whole. They arrived in England in 1627, soon after Mkh 

 at the suggestion of Sir Robert Cotton, they were carefully examine! 

 by the learned Selden, in conjunction with two other eminent scholars. 

 Selden, in 1628, published his ' Marmora Arundelliana,' a thin quarto 

 volume, in which twenty-nine Greek and ten Latin inscriptions of UiU 

 collection are deciphered and illustrated. The Arundel inscription.-, 

 were, at first, let into the wall which surrounds the ShcMonian theatre, 

 each marked with the initial of the name of Howard. They were, 

 however, soon increased by the accession of Selden's private coll. 

 and some other donations; so that the whole amounted to l.V> in 

 scribed marbles, including tablet*, altars, pedestals, steUc, ami wpul- 

 chral monuments. An edition of the whole was now undertaken, 

 at the desire of Dean Fell, by Mr. Humphrey Prideaux, then student 

 of Christchurch, but afterwards d an of Norwich, which appeared 

 iimlcr the title of ' Marmora Oxoniensia, ex Arundelliani*, Seldenianis, 

 aliisque conflata,' foL 1676. They were edited with great care, and 

 illustrated by the annotations of the editor, Selden, Lydiat, and others. 

 This w,>rk was republished fifty-six years afterwards by Michael 

 Maittairc, under the title of ' Marmot-urn Arundellianonim, Seldeniano- 

 riiin, aliorumque Academue Oxnniensi donatorum; cum variis Com- 

 mentariis et Indioe, Secunda Editio,' fol. Lund. 1732; with great 

 augmentations a* to comment An 'Appendix,' consisting of three 

 Greek, inscriptions, subsequently given to the University, was pub- 

 lished in 1738, fol. In 1763, the ' Marmora Oxoniensia ' were again 

 published in a new and splendid form, under the auspices of the 

 University, by Dr. Richard Chandler of Magdalen College ; including 

 the ancient inscriptions collected by Sir George Wheler and Messrs. 

 Dawkins, Bouverie, and Wood, during their travels, some of which 

 Dr. Richard Rawlinson possessed, and a few others ; with engravings of 

 statues, busts, and other marbles, to the number of 167 articles, 103 

 of which belonged to that part of the Arundel Collection which the 

 countess dowager of Pomfret had given to the University. The 

 Greek inscriptions of this collection, ' Ad Chnndleri exemplar editte,' 

 were separately published at Oxford in 1791, in a small octavo 

 volume. 



The Aruudel and Pomfret marbles are at present preserved at 

 Oxford in two rooms, beneath the Bodleian Library ; but it is proposed 

 to remove them to the new Oxford Museum. Of the Arundel portion, 

 that which the University places at the head of its collection is the 

 Greek inscription known by the name of the PARIAN CHRONICLE, so 

 called from the supposition of its having been made in the isle of Paros 

 about B.C. 263. Another inscription of interest is a treaty concluded 

 between Smyrna and Magnesia, for the protection of Seleucus Callinicus, 

 engraved on a pillar in the temple of Venus Stratouicis, at Smyrna, 

 about B.c. 244. 



Among the more important marbles of the Pomfret donation are 

 the colossal torso (for that portion only is antique) of a Minerva 

 Galeata, restored as a statue by Guelfi ; a Venus Vestita, or Leda ; 

 Terpsichore; a young Hercules; an Athleta, which has been called 

 Autinous ; a female figure, unrestored, of early Greek work ; and three 

 statues of senators, one of which is usually considered as Cicero. This 

 last was etched by Woolridge. 



Some of the statues in this collection, which have been restored, as 

 far as the ancient portions go, have no positive attributes of the 

 characters of gods, heroes, &c., which Guelfi, who restored them, made 

 them represent. 



(Dugdale's Baronage, torn, ii., p. 277 ; Lodge's Portrait* of lUitttriooi 

 Penma;,a; Selden's .I/"/ //c.m .1 nnl< Hntna, and the Marm ; 

 "in of Prideaux, Maittaire, and Dr. Chandler ; Gassendi's Lift ofPeiretc; 

 Gough's Brititfi Tv/i'*n'.. vol. ii. p. 127 ; Lord Orford's X HWU. </ Pain '/'<;, 

 edit. 1786, vol. ii. p, 184; Dallaway's Anted, of the Artt in AsjioM ,- 

 Sainsbury's (/ UnfmHUM Paprn illv*tratirr nf the Life of 



Rubeni, 8vo, 1869, Appendix B.) 



AS, among the ancient Romans, was a weight, consisting of twch <> 

 unria or ounces; it was also called lilmi, lit* Hit, and jxmdo, or the 

 pound. Pitiscus ('Lexicon Antiij. Rom.') gives its etymology from 

 the Greek &t, used in the Doric dialect for eft, signifying an integer or 

 whole, one entire thing; but we can find no authority for this word 

 fiit. Others, as we learn from Rudams (' De Asse et partilius c-ju*/ 

 lib. v. 8vo. Lugd. 1551, p. 146), have more correctly considered As to 

 be equivalent to XH, a piece of copper or brass. (Varro L. L. v. 36, 

 SpengeL) 



At, AM!*, or Atuanui (Eckhel, ' Doctrina Num. Vet ' torn. v. p. 2) 

 was likewise the name of a Koiniui coin of copper, or rather of mixed 

 metal, which varied lx>th in weight and composition at different perimls 

 of the Commonwealth ; but which originally actually weighed a )>ound, 

 whence it was called A* libralii, and somtimes also jStgrare. 



The first coinage of this description, according to Pliny (lib. xviii. 

 c. 8; xxxiii. c. 13), took place in the reign of Servius Tullus, which, 

 if Sir Isaac Newton's chronology of Rome is adopted, would be about 

 the year B.C. 460, or .'.*< on other authority. The first Ases of Tullus 

 had the figure of a bull, ram, boar, or sow upon them. 



